vi» ^Ci::2r„::^ aL'fStSri R»,iVimX)D 'LCHIGGINS & GOODRICH: GtlEAT BASm MrOEAUSr MEMOm Na9 IS87 HARVARD UNIVERSITY -^ Library of the Museum of Comparative Zoology O^®® V^a" f^'^er MIS Snow'ville CO Qj o o ^ •Lucin / "^ \ DM iWendover • Knolls T E ^ L Tooele £/ GREAT BASIN NATURALIST MEMOIRS Number 9 Brigham Young University A Utah Flora 1987 r^ =^ K^^-^ <•-(■ ri^£^^' ' J^ ©1987, Brigham Young University ISBN 0-8425-2260-3 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 Historical basis 1 Philosophical basis and species concept 2 Methodology 3 Measurements 3 Nomenclature 3 Common names 4 Classification 4 Abbreviations 5 Terminology 5 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 6 Plant communities 7 Phytogeography 7 Modern setting and impacts 9 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 10 GENERAL REFERENCES 10 GROUP TRACHEOPHYTA 12 Division Lycopodiophyta 13 Division Equisetophyta 14 Division Polypodiophyta 15 Division Pinophyta 24 Division Magnoliophyta 35 Class Magnoliopsida 35 Class Liliopsida 647 AUTHOR ABBREVIATIONS 824 GLOSSARY 834 INDEX 846 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs A Utah Flora Stanley L. Welsh', N. Duane Atwood", Sherel Goodrich^, and Larry C. Higgins^, editors No. 9 Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 1987 Abstract — A comprehensive treatment of the vascular flora of Utah is presented. Keys are provided to famihes, genera, species, and infraspecific taxa (when present). Taxa are described, ecological data is given, and geographical information is provided. County distribution in Utah is given for each species and infraspecific taxon General geographical information is given for taxa that extend beyond the boundaries of Utah. Chromosome numbers are provided for each taxon, where that information was available in literature Indigenous taxa include some 2,572 species and 355 infraspecific taxa, or a total of 2,927. Introduced species number some 580. and the total taxa treated in the flora is 3,507. New nomenclatural proposals include Mertensia lanceolata var. nivalis (Wats.) Higginsstat. nov. ; C/irysot/iamnosnauseosus (Pallas) H, &C. var. uintahensis (L. C. Anderson) Welsh stat. nov.; Mac/ia?ran(/ieracanexccn.s(Pursh) Cray var. latifolia (A. Nels.) Welsh stat. nov., and var. aristatus (Eastw.) Turner comb, nov.; Vif;,uiera longffolia (Robins. & Greenm.) Blake var annua (Jones) Welsh comb. nov. ; Dudleya pulverulenta (Nutt. ) Britt. & Rose var. arizonica (Rose) Welsh stat. nov. ; Cordytanthun kintlii Wats. var. densiflorus (Chuang & Heckard) Atwood stat. nov ; Cymopterus acaulis (Pursh) Raf. var. fendteri (Gray) Goodrich comb. nov. INTRODUCTION Stanley L. Welsh Historical Basis Study of Utah flora began in September 1843, when John Charles Fremont took the first plant collections from the region later included within the state (Fremont 1845). In the late 1860s Sereno Watson collected in Utah and Nevada and authored the most important contribution to the understand- ing of Utah flora in the 19th century (Watson 1871). His work was used by such important Utah botanists as Marcus E. Jones, who published an important summary treatment of his own 1894 fieldwork in 1895 (Welsh 1982a). A. O. Garrett (1909 and subsequent) published the Spring Flora of the Wasatch Region early in the 20th century, which was used by generations of students to as late as midcentury. His work stimulated the subsequent publication of other local floras, including the Handbook of the Vascular Plants of the North- ern Wasatch by Holmgren (1948, 1957), and the Flora of the Central Wasatch Front, Utah bv Arnow, Albee, and Wvcoff (1977, 1980). Tidestrom (1925) wrote a summary treatment of the flora of Utah and Nevada, which has long been out of print and badly dated by changes in nomenclature and new information. Welsh and Moore (1973) attempted a more comprehensive treatment of the Utah flora. Their work involved some 2,500 taxa and included all of Utah. Thus, the present work is not only a fruition of the years of labor by its editors and contributors, but it represents the culmination of more than a century and four decades of exploration and collection of the plants of Utah. Begin- ning with Fremont, the exploration has gone foreward to the present, not in a steady rate but at a varied one as the personnel involved have waxed and waned. Hundreds of collectors have contributed specimens that form the basis of this flora. The few specimens taken by Fremont repre- sent only a very small but significant part of the tremen- dous number of collections made in the intervening vears (Welsh 1986). Perhaps 400,000 specimens from Utah reside within the herbaria of the state, and possibly almost that many more examples from Utah are present in herbaria else- where. More than a thousand type specimens have been taken from within Utah (Welsh 1982a). There has been a renaissance within classical plant taxonomy in Utah dur- ing the past three decades. That rebirth of taxonomic emphasis was involved with the improvement in trans- portation and accessibility of Utah, in the increased num- ber of personnel, in the devotion of those persons, in the environmental movement aided by federal laws, and in an increased emphasis for production of state and regional floras. Life Science Museum and Department of Botany and Range Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602. "USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Region, Ogden, Utah 84401. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of .\griculture. Ogden, Utah 84401. Present addr Ranger District, Ashley National Forest, Vernal, Utah 84078. Herbarium. Department of Biology, West Texas State University, Canyon. Texas. 79016 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 9 A flora of the Uinta Basin has been prepared by Sherel Goodrich and EUzabeth Neese, and its pubhcation is anticipated in 1986. An atlas of distibution maps of Utah plant species has been prepared by Beverly Albee and Leila Shultz, and it is expected to be published shortly. Philosophical Basis and Species Concept The underlying principle in this work is reality and its representation as nearly as possible. Reality is inter- preted differently by each worker, of course, and one's concept of reality changes as new information is forthcom- ing. Taxonomic concepts in this work are derived from the study of the plants themselves, both in the herbarium and in the field. All contributors to the taxonomic text are familiar with the plants as they occur in nature, and that familiarity is transferred to the plants as they exist on herbarium sheets. In the natural context plant taxa occur in correlation with geography, geology, and climatic or positional factors. The correlations are important in de- termination of the nature of the taxon, and it is to these correlations that we have looked for understanding. The juxtaposition of taxa in the field (or the lack thereof) forms another parameter that must be determined, because many of the taxa form morphological intermediates when in contact. Hybridization and its potential must be re- garded in taxonomic decisions. Presence of cleistogamy and apomixis within a group or complex must be consid- ered. Other representations of reality, the floras, revi- sions, and monographs must be studied to supplement the information gained from field and herbarium studies. Thus, taxonomic concepts in this work are derived both from the study of the plants themselves and from the works of other students of the flora. All indigenous plant species known to occur in Utah are included in the flora. Introduced plants are also covered, but not so intensively as are the native ones. Plant tax- onomists have been conditioned to work with the indige- nous plants alone, often to the exclusion of introduced ones. The introduced taxa are, however, a portion of the flora of the state and cannot be ignored. Many are estab- lished within native or human-induced habitats. Others are merely waifs that grow occasionally in the state. Culti- vated plants offer still another group that has been largely neglected by botanists. This flora attempts to present coverage of all estab- lished species, all common adventive taxa, and many of the commonly grown cultivated species. No attempt has been made to provide coverage for all the cultivated plants. There are a great many of them, and they are typically poorly represented in herbaria. Future workers should focus more attention on the cultivated flora. A more reasonable taxonomy of those plants will then be possible. A taxon is based on the totality of its characters, but the character does not make the taxon. When workers have become intrigued with thi- value of a character they have been led to absurdity. Within this century fruit differ- ences were used by one worker to separate the species of Astragalus into numerous genera, often with closely re- lated and otherwise practically identical species placed in separate genera (e. g. , A . heckwithii in Phacomcne and A . oophorus in Phaca). The character must be considered in context with other features of the plant, with its geogra- phy, geological substrates, elevational range, features of slope, sympatry or allopatry, chromosome condition. phytochemistry, breeding mechanisms, and other items important to its interpretation. Simple recombinant types should not be taken for taxa necessarily. Such unrelated examples might well appear again and again within a group, and keys written to such plants will provide means of identification of these recom- l)inant types, but do they represent taxa? Therein lies perhaps the greatest dilemma of plant classification, i.e., the taxonomic character should reflect relationship, not merely a haphazard recombination of trivial features, but the pursuit of the truly reflective characteristics is often merely an ideal. Ideally, taxonomic treatments represent a translation of the reality of nature into graphic representation. Diffi- culty arises, and taxonomists are held in disrepute, when they try to reverse the situation by imposing a system of their own creation onto the plants as they are in the real world. And, the flora is only imperfectly understood. Many of the plant taxa are known from a few collections only, and it is impossible to represent them beyond the limits of the information available. Many taxa have been discovered recently and we know nothing of their chromosome com- pliments, breeding mechanisms, and other features. They occur in the treatments presented below as best as possible, but modification and reinterpretation will follow the accumulation of other data. Other workers will evalu- ate the same data differently, resulting in the presenta- tion of restructured taxonomic opinions. Some will wish to dissect the genera into ever smaller units, based on various tangible and intangible features, as if such re- structuring was of tremendous importance. All presenta- tions will be based in fact, as the worker will interpret that fact, but the weighting of the data and the biases of the worker will determine, in some part, the presentation followed. Prior to the present manuscript, which is acknowl- edged beforehand as imperfect and stained with the bi- ases of its authors, routine identification of a collection of plants from anywhere in Utah has involved the use of as many as a dozen or more floras and monographs. The summary works of Tidestrom (1925) and Welsh and Moore (1974) functioned merely to tantalize the serious student of Utah plants. The local floras by Garrett (1909 and subsequent), Holmgren (1948, 1957) and Arnow et al. (1977, 1980), served the local areas more or less ade- quately, but they left students of surrounding areas grasp- ing for tools for identification. Literature used for determination of plant taxa depended on the locality where the plant was collected. Those taken from southern Utah were identified using the Arizona Flora (Kearney and Peebles 1951), those from eastern Utah were determined by vise of the Manual of the Plants of Colorado (Harrington 1951 ) and others (Munz 1969; Correll & Johnston 1970; Cron(iuist et al. 1972, 1977, 1982; Dorn 1977; Hitch- cock et al. 1955- 1969). Specific groups were checked against the most modern revisionary works and monographs. Serious workers soon ac()nired a library oi books and separates if their detenninations were to hv at least partially adecjuate. Now, for the first time, there will he one work that can he used for all but an unknown niiniher ol plants taken iroin within tlie state of Utah. A general i)ii)!i()grapli\' oi works used in identification of Utah plants previously and on which concepts ol this flora are based in part is presented below. Specific citations are included with the taxonomic treatments. 1987 Welsh etal: A Utah Flora, Introduction Methodology Each taxonoinic treatment was written in its entirety by its author or authors, beginning with a checkHst of taxa known or thouglit to occur within the state. Keys were constructed based on specimens taken from the herbar- ium and from concepts in hterature. Many have been improved by comparison with hving plants in the field. However, most were written in their entirety from herbarium specimens, and their similarities to published treatments are coincidental. Where keys were derived in part from publications, the source is included in literature citations, typically listed following the generic descrip- tion. Descriptions are likewise based on specimens, except where those were inadequate for the purpose (some taxa are known from few and sometimes imperfect speci- mens), and the circumscriptions then came, at least par- tially, from literature, especially from original descrip- tions. Format for the descriptions is essentially that standard for much of taxonomic literature. Duration, root, stem (including habit and aspect), leaves, inflores- cence, flowers, and fruits are described in essentially that order. Chromosome number is included at the end of descriptions, where that information has been available in literature. We have not attempted to do routine counting of chromosomes as a part of the basic research. Type specimens of most taxa described from Utah have been examined by one or more of the authors. Decisions on critical groups have been based on the type specimens. Authors of taxa are cited routinely for each taxon of the rank of family or below. The author names are abbrevi- ated following the list by Chatterley, Welsh, and Welsh (1982) and supplemented by the work of Halliday, Meikle, Story, and Wilkinson (1980). We have chosen not to use all the abbreviations in the latter work because of brevity; e.g., M. E. Jones is cited merely as Jones in the Utah flora and A. Gray is Gray. A complete list of author abbreviations and their given names and surnames, along with year of birth, year of death, or year of publication, is appended to this work. Discussions following the description provide clarifica- tion in many instances, but they routinely include plant community data (typically from low to high elevations), elevational range (in meters), counties from which the taxon is known in Utah (arranged in alphabetical order), distribution beyond Utah (or whether they are endemic to the state), the number of specimens seen from Utah during the study (Arabic numerals) and the number col- lected in Utah by the author of the particular group (Roman numerals). The number examined is an index to both the familiarity of the author with the taxon and its abundance; the number collected by the author provides an index to that worker's understanding of the taxon in the field. Taxa known to be adventive or introduced purposefully are so noted in the discussion, and the region from which the plants originated is indicated. Flowering and fruiting dates have been routinely omit- ted, because practically everything in Utah flowers in either spring (extending to early summer) or (late summer to) autumn; and many plants that flower in springtime again flower in autumn. Only when the situation is un- usual has the flowering date been included. Midsummer is a poor time to collect plants in Utah, except in high mountains, where it is still springtime. Spring begins in Utah at the lowest and southernmost elevations in Washington, Kane, and San Juan counties as early as January in some years, but more commonly in March and April. As the relationship of the earth to the sun moves from the vernal toward the autumnal equinox, flowering and fruiting of plants move both northward and upward in elevation. Spring arrives at some of the high mountain summits only to meet autumn moving down. Summer at high elevations is a fleeting condition that hardly exists in some years. The autumn-flowering plants reverse the trend of flowering time, finally closing out the season in the lowermost elevations of the southernmost portions of the state typically in October and November (December). There are plants that begin to flower in southern Utah in November and December and continue flowering to spring of the following year (e.g., Tham- nosrna and Garnja). For most of Utah spring arrives in April and May, but there are areas where frost can (and often does) occur at all months of the year. Such ecological data as slopes and valleys (or rocky or dry) have been omitted because practically all plants grow in such sites. The term saline has been used in most cases in place of the familiar alkaline , since one can observe salinity in the field but must test for alkalinity. Measurements Plant parts are measured in metric units. Parts measur- ing less than 1 cm long are always cited in millimeters (mm) and tenths of millimeters. Millimeter accuracy is routine for parts up to about 25 mm in length or breadth, and then the unit of measurement is changed to centime- ters (cm). Decimeters (dm) are used for plants or plant parts that generally exceed 50 centimeters. Meters (m) are used for plants that exceed about 1 . 5 meters and for all elevational measurements. Kilometers are used for long lineal measurements (except those cited in type locality information where miles are used). Plant height is taken as the length of the plant above ground level and includes the inflorescence and flowers. Leaf measurements are from the petiole base to the blade apex, unless otherwise indicated. Leaf breadth is taken at the widest position on the blade. Petioles are measured from point of insertion on the stem to the blade base. Stipules are measured from the point of insertion on the stem or petiole base to the apex. Peduncles are measured from the uppermost bract to the first flower or branch of a compound inflorescence. Total flower length is taken from the point of insertion of the pedicel (peduncle) to the apex of the longest petal. Calyx measurements are taken from the point of insertion of the pedicel to the tip of the longest calyx teeth, except in legumes, and then the measurement is to the length of the longest lateral tooth. Calyx teeth and corolla lobe measurements are from the base of the sinus to an adjacent lobe or tooth apex. Petal length is determined from the point of insertion of the petal to its apex. Fruit length measurements include from the base of the ovary (point of insertion on the receptacle) to the tip, excluding style and stigma measurements, unless otherwise noted. Gynophores are excluded from ovary measurements but stipes are not. Nomenclature Names given for taxa in this work are consistent with stipulations of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Voss 1983). The principle of priority is the Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 9 overriding consideration, except where expressly limited by mandate of the Code. Species and generic concepts are mainly conservatively interpreted, with the definition of species considered multifaceted because of differences in breeding mechanisms and point in evolutionary time. The concept of subspecies is herein restricted to those species with usually large geographical and morphologi- cal representation. They typically consist of two or more varieties. Varietal designation is more often used alone as the principal category below the species level, especially in less widely ranging and less complex species wherein designation of subspecies is unwarranted. However, no effort has been made to routinely propose new nomen- clatural transfers of all subspecies to varietial level. Such a course is not indicated in this provincial treatment that cannot encompass the variation in all taxa beyond the boundaries of Utah. The names utilized for genera and species are based on the best information available to us and on our under- standing of the groups as they occur throughout their natural and adoptive ranges. Major checklists, which at- tempt to categorize and standardize generic and specific names, are followed only in part (USDA Soil Conserva- tion Service 1982). The choice of generic and specific concepts are best left to competent taxonomists, not legis- lated by adoption of standardized lists. Workers on specific areas of a country as large and diverse as the United States are certain to know more about the plants of their area than are workers who labor more casually on a broader problem. However, that tendency of more inti- mate knowledge does not relieve the worker in a limited area from reviewing all the information available from whatever source. We hope we have reviewed the infor- mation from all sources carefully, and our taxonomic and nomenclatural decisions result from that review. The final word is not to be found, however, in the following pages. As additional collections are made, and as summary monographs and revisions become available, the views presented here will be subject to change. The flora of the region and its nomenclature still require much under- standing and great labor. Common Names Common names have been taken, with modification, from the USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-.38 and from general nonpublished sources. No at- tempt has been made to provide common names through- out, especially when they are not known or where they are not in general usage. Classification This hook is dedicated to the many students of l)otany who will use it as a reference. Much of its use will be to find names of genera and species of examples in hand. Because of that use and the need for ease and economy of time, a phylogenetic arrangement is carried only to the class level. The book begins with a key to the divisions, and is followed by the lern allies (Lyeopodiophyta and K(juisetophyta), ferns (Folypodiophyta), conifers (Fino- phyta or gymnosperms), and finally the flowering plants (Magnoliophyta), with Magnoliopsids (dicots) first, fol- lowed by the Liliopsids (nionocots). Within each major group the families are arranged in alphabetical order, as are the genera and species within each family. A list of the taxonomic categories arranged in a phylogenetic se- quence follows (the arrangement of the flowering plant families is modified from Cronquist 1981); GROUP TRACHEOPHYTA Approximation of a phylogenetic arrangement of families. LYCOPODIOPHYTA Family name Author Genera Species Infra 1. Isoetaceae 2. Selaginellaceae slw hig EQUISETOPHYTA Family name Author Genera Species Infra I. Equisetaceae hig FOLYPODIOPHYTA Family name Author Genera Species Infn 1. Ophioglossaceae hig 1 4 2. Polypodiaceae hig 15 35 3. Marsileaceae hig 1 2 4. Salviniaceae hig 1 1 PINOPHYTA Family name Author Genera Species Infra 1. Ginkgoaceae slw I 1 (intro 1) 2. Taxaceae slw 1 2 (intro 2) 3. Pinaceae ndaslw 6 23 (intro 12) 4. Cupressaceae slwnda 5 14 (intro 10) 5. Taxodiaceae slw 3 3 (intro 3) 6. Ephedraceae hig 1 4 MAGNOLIOPHYTA Magnoliopsida Family name Author Genera Speci es Infra 1. Magnoliaceae slw 2 4 ( ntro 4) 2. Saururaceae hig 1 1 3. Nymphaeaceae slw 2 2 ( ntro 1) 4. Ceratophyllaceae slw 1 1 5. Ranuncuiaceae slw 13 61 ( ntro 7) 6. Berberidaceae slw 2 9 ( ntro 6) 7. Papaveraceae slw 7 15 ( ntro 6) 8. Fumariaceae slw 3 4 ( ntro 1) 9. Platanaceae slw I 2 ( ntro 2) 10. Hamamelidaceae slw 1 1 ( ntro 1) 11. Ulmaceae slw 3 7 ( ntro 6) 12. Gannabaceae slw 2 2 ( ntro 1) 13. Moraceae slw 3 4 ( ntro 4) 14. Urticaceae slw 2 2 15. Juglandaceae slw 2 5 ( ntro 5) 16. Fagaceae slw 2 12 ( ntro 7) 17. Botulaceae slw 5 8 ( ntro 3) 18. Nyctaginaceae slw 6 17 ( ntro I) 19. Aizoaceae hig 3 3 ( ntro I) 20. Gactaceae slw 9 28 14 21. Ghenopodiaceae slw 16 58 ( ntro 13) 13 22. Aiuaranthaceai' slw 4 11 ( ntro 6) 23. Portulacaceae higsiw 6 18 24. Caryophyllaceae slw 16 56 ( ntro 14) 5 25. Polygonaceae slw 8 89 ( ntro 3) 25 26. Paconiaceae slw 1 1 27, Elatinaceae slw 2 3 1987 Welsh etal; A Utah Flora, Introduction 28. Giittiferae 29. Tiliaceae 30. Malvaceae 3L Violaceae 32. Tamaricaceae 33. Frankeniaceae 34. Passifloraceae 35. Cucurbitaceae 36. Loasaceae 37. Salicaceae 38. Capparaceae 39. Cruciferae 40. Rcsedaceae 4L Ericaceae 42. Pyrolaceae 43. Ehenaceae 44. Primulaceae 45. Saxifragaceae 46. Crassulaceae 47. Rosaceae 48. Leguminosae 49. Elaeagnaceae 50. Haloragaceae 5L Lythraceae 52. Punicaceae 53. Onagraceae 54. Cornaceae 55. Garryaceae 56. Santalaceae 57. Viscaceae 58. Celastraceae 59. Aquifoliaceae 60. Euphorbiaceae 6L Rhamnaceae 62. Vitaceae 63. Linaceae 64. Polygalaceae 65. Krameriaceae 66. Sapindaceae 67. Hippocastanaceae 68. Aceraceae 69. Anacardiaceae 70. Simaroubaceae 7L Meliaceae 72. Rutaceae 73. Zygophyllaceae 74. Oxalidaceae 75. Geraniaceae 76. Limnanthaceae 77. Tropaeolaceae 78. Araliaceae 79. Umbelliferae 80. Gentianaceae 8L Apocynaceae 82. Asclepiadaceae 83. Solanaceae 84. Convolvulaceae 85. Cuscutaceae 86. Menyanthaceae 87. Polemoniaceae 88. Hydrophyllaceae 89. Boraginaceae 90. Verbenaceae 91. Labiatae 92. Hippuridaceae 93. Callitrichaceae 94. Plantaginaceae 95. Buddlejaceae 96. Oleaceae 97. Scrophulariaceae 98. Orobanchaceae 99. Pedaliaceae 100. Bignoniaceae big slw slw .sKv slw .slw slw hig kht sg slw slw slw slw slw slw slw sg slw slw slw slw slw higslw hig slw slw hig slw nda slw slw higslw slw slw slw slw slw slw kht slw slw hig hig higslw slw slw slw slw slw slw sg hig hig hig hig hig gib slw slw nda hig hig hig slw slw hig hig slw nda/ecn 18 hig 1 hig 1 hig 3 1 1 10 I 1 1 1 7 3 2 3 46 1 5 4 1 6 13 3 33 46 2 1 3 1 10 1 1 1 2 4 1 6 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 2 4 1 3 1 1 3 25 5 5 3 11 5 1 1 13 9 17 3 24 1 1 1 1 6 2 7 (intro 25 (intro 11 (intro 3 (intro 1 (intro 1 (intro 12 (intro 20 35 (intro 5 165 (intro 1 (intro 12 9 1 17 (intro 41 (intro 6 111 (intro 244 (intro 5 (intro 2 4 (intro I (intro 59 1 1 1 9 (intro 6) 2 (intro 2) 28 (intro 5) 8 (intro 3) 5 (intro 3) 6 3 2 1 4 (intro 4) 12 (intro 9) 8 (intro 5) 1 1 (intro 1) 7) 7) 1 4) 3) 1) 1) 10) 10) 42) 39 1) 1) 4) 45) 9 51) 65 1) (intro (intro (intro 4 (intro 2 (intro 9 (intro 1 1 4 70 18 10 (intro 20 (intro 33 (intro 8 (intro 12 (intro 1 67 (intro 49 97 8 43 (intro 1 3 7 (intro 2 (intro 19 (intro 137 (intro 5 1 5 (intro 1) 2) 1) 1) 3) 5) 10 3) 1 1) 14) 4) 1) 3) 10 6 14) 2) 1) 13) 27 12) 101. Lentibulariaceae slw 1 2 102. C^ampanulaceae slw 6 10 (intro 3) 103. Riibiaceae higslw 4 12 (intro 1) 1 104. ( ^aprifoliaceae slw 5 14 (intro 5) 105. Adoxaceae slw 1 1 106. Valerianaceae hig 4 7 (intro 2) 107. Dipsacaceae hig 1 1 (intro 1) 108. Goinpositae slw 113 481 (intro 45) 96 Family name Liliopsida .Author Genera Species Infra 1. Alismaceao nda 2. Hydrocharitaceae nda 3. Juncaginaceae siw 4. Potamogetonaceae hig 5. Rupiaccae slw 6. Najadaceae nda 7. Zannichelliaceae slw 8. Palmae slw 9. Lemnaceae nda 10. Commelinaceae nda 11. Juncaceae sg 12. Cyperaceae sg 13. Gramineae laa 14. Sparganiaceae nda 15. Typhaceae nda 16. Liliaceae slw 17. Amaryllidaceae slw 18. Iridaceae slw 19. Agavaceae hig 20. Orchidaceae hig Totals 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 2 8 83 1 1 27 3 4 3 9 4 2 3 19 1 3 1 2 8 1 28 2 120 2 254 (intro 67) 8 4 3 54 (intro 16) 6 (intro 6) 11 (intro 6) 11 2 23 3 765 3152 (intro 580) 355 In the present work there are 2,572 species and 355 infraspecific taxa, or a total of some 2,927 indigenous taxa. Introduced species treated in the work include some 580 species. The total for the flora is 3,507 taxa. Abbreviations Abbreviations have been used sparingly, the excep- tions mainly being the names of authors of the various families or genera in the text. Those author abbreviations in the list above are ecn (Elizabeth Chase Neese), gib (Garry Innes Baird), hig (Larry Charles Higgins), kht (Kaye Hugie Thorne), laa (Lois A. Arnow), nda (Nephi Duane Atwood), sg (Sherel Goodrich), and slw (Stanley Larson Welsh). Abbreviations include those for metric units of measure cited above and the following; mi (mile), ca (circa, about, almost), U. S. (United States), U. S. S. R. (Soviet Union), nom. illeg. (illegitimate name), sens. lat. (sensu lato, in a broad sense), sens, latissimo (in the broadest sense), sens, str. (sensu stricto, in a strict sense), ssp. (subspecies), var. (variety), and f (forma, except following the name of an author of a taxon, in which case it stands for filial or junior). Synonyms are shortened by abbreviation of generic names, except where such abbreviation would be misleading. In some instances the specific and in- fraspecific names have been abbreviated, especially where they merely repeat the name in current use. Terminology Descriptive terminology is mainly standard for the groups involved. Terms are defined in an appended glos- sary. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 9 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT Utah is situated largely between 37 and 41 degrees north latitude and 108 to 114 degrees west longitude. It occupies some 219,990 square km. Elevation ranges be- tween about 665 and 4,126 m, with the lowest elevation being in Beaver Dam Wash in Washington County and the highest at the summit of Kings Peak in the Uinta Mountains (astride the Duchesne-Summit County line). The state is divided roughly into two halves by the mountain-plateau axis formed by the mountains of the Wasatch Range and the plateaus of central and southern Utah. West of the mountain and plateau system lies the Great Basin, a portion of the Basin and Range Province, whose drainages have no outlet to the sea. East of the dividing line, water falls ultimately to the Colorado River through a large number of tributaries. The Weber, Bear, and Sevier rivers arise to the east of the northeast-south- west trending axis but fall ultimately to the west through canyons that cut the major ranges. The two portions of the state are also roughly divided by the margin of the over- thrust belt that extends into Utah from Idaho and exits the state into Nevada along a line that marks essentially the southern edge of the Great Basin. The geology is funda- mentally different between the two halves. The Basin and Range Province is marked with numer- ous, north-south trending, essentially parallel ranges. The ranges are the result of block faulting and expose strata of sandstone or quartzite, limestone, and dolomite that vary from Precambrian to Permian age (Hintze 1972). The mountain ranges stand with their bases buried in their own detritis. Valleys are filled with the products of erosion. The valley bottoms are frequently occupied by saline pans, salt flats, or fresh to saline lakes or ponds. Slopes above the pans to the mountains proper consist of complex assemblages of alluvial fans coalesced into gently to moderately sloping bajadas. Alluvium is graded in size down slope, with the coarser materials near the montane sources and finer accumulating in the bottoms. Salt is likewise carried to the valley bottoms, where it is aban- doned by the moisture that served to transport it there. Sand is sorted by the prevailing westerly winds and tends to stack along the east sides of valleys. Dunes are present especially in the Sevier Desert (the Lynndyl Dunes are the largest), but they occur also in small por- tions of many of the western valleys. Valleys that drain from the Great Basin ranges tend to be short on the west side and drop steeply to the valley floor. Those on the east sides tend to fall less steeply and to be longer. Perennial streams are few, and those fre- quently disappear into the valley bottoms. Springs are relatively numerous but small. Exceptions are found es- pecially in Snake Valley and the Sevier Desert. Large lakes tend to be saline (Great Salt Lake) or fresh (Utah Lake). Sevier Dry Lake contains water only during excep- tionally wet weather cycles. Because of the closed hydrological system in the Cireat Basin, at least as far as surface flow is concerned, the geological and topographic influence on vegetative cover is significantly diflerent from that of the Colorado Drainage Basin. The (Colorado drainage is an open sys- tem, where water flows from the basin to the sea, carrying with it alluvium that would have otherwise persisted as valley fill, alluvial fans, and bajadas. Old pedimental sur- faces, consisting of rounded cobble and gravel, persist for a time, perched on ancient erosional surfaces now aban- doned by contemporary drainages cut below them. An exception to the low amount of valley fill in the Colorado drainage system is found where that drainage impinges upon the Basin and Range Province, as it does in the southwestern portion of Utah in the Beaver Dam Wash vicinity. There great accumulations of fanglomerate are now exposed along the entrenched drainage of Beaver Dam Creek. Geological strata are exposed over vast areas of the Colorado Plateau, either with the raw stratum or weath- ered colluvium as the surficial material. Large alluvial deposits are not typical of the landscape. Each particle removed by erosion is being moved down river to the sea. Exposed geological strata in the Colorado drainage system consist of shale, mudstone, siltstone, sandstone, and conglomerate sequences. They vary in age from Pre- cambrian to Tertiary, with late Tertiary, Pleistocene, and Recent (Hintze 1972) alluvial deposits being either perched or along drainage bottoms in valleys. Sand dunes are present, especially on the foot of the eastern slope of the San Rafael Swell, near Kanab, and west of Hurricane. Plant species distributions tend to be correlated with geology, especially where the geological strata are ex- posed essentially unmodified at the surface. The distribu- tions are likewise secondarily influenced by the presence of alluvium and soils, their texture, salinity, and deriva- tion. Hence, it is not possible to understand plant taxon- omy without consideration of the substrate occupied by the particular plant being investigated. The raw and col- luvial surfaces available for plants in the Colorado drainage system present an entirely different array of possibilities than in the Great Basin. The basic stratigra- phies of the two areas are different — the Great Basin gray and mainly calciferous, the Colorado Basin varicolored and of greater diversity of substrate. Much of the vegeta- tion of the Great Basin is on alluvium, whereas most of that in the Colorado system is directly on the geological strata. Mountains proper in the Great Basin offer expo- sures of strata, but often the valleys do not. Large areas of the Great Basin and mountains and high plateaus of Utah bear surficial deposits of igneous mate- rial, either intrusive or extrusive in origin. These igneous outcrops offer a not so subtle control of the vegetative cover. Especially is this control demonstrated on the complex igneous outcrops of the Marysvale volcanic cen- trum, which displays a great thickness and diversity of substrates from low to high elevations. Further, portions of the igneous rocks have been again modified by thermal activities, and this thermal modification adds to the mmi- ber of habitat types. Survivors on the raw or colluvial surfaces in the Colo- rado system tend to be specialists, those plant taxa that can survive on the harsh sui)strates without serious com- petition. Plants of a similar nature in the CJreat Basin tend to occupy the mountain ranges proper, with exceptions mainly occiuTlng on low-elevation exposures. Alluvium tends to be occupied l)y geni-ralists, those plants that can tolerate a wider degree of habitat variation and more persistent competition by other generalists. Even a thin cover of detritus or alluviiun over geological strata in the (Colorado fiasin, especially, is suflicient to allow for vege- tative composition to change abruptly. Where alluvial 1987 Welsh et al: A Utah Flora, Introduction fans thin toward their edges, they are as effective in insulating the underlying geological strata from plants as where thicker toward the mouth of a draw or canyon. Insulation of plants from parental materials of geologi- cal strata can result from soil development or from bury- ing with alluvium. Soil development is a function, at least in part, of the amount of water available. In Utah, allu- vium is produced at all elevations, but water irom precipi- tation increases with elevation. And, since temperature tends to decrease at a uniform rate (appro.ximately L8 degrees C per 305 m), evaporation is lower at the higher elevations and more moisture is available for both plant growth and .soil development. Soils, like alluvium, tend to be occupied by generalists. However, despite the occur- rence of high precipitation at higher elevations, there are places where the larger amounts of water are ineffective. Rock outcrops, cliffs, margins of plateaus, and ridge tops, because of lack of penetration, tend not to be well watered in spite of the large amount. Endemism in Utah is corre- lated with the availabilitx' of raw or colluvial substrates (Welsh 197Sa), and these are present in broad, low- to high-elevation e.xpanses in the Colorado Basin and plateaus — but mainly in the Great Basin they are mon- tane. Plant Communities Plant community descriptions, for the purposes of this work, have been simplified. Communities have been determined subjectively by the plant collector, who recorded that information on specimen labels, and by the individual author of a specific group. Generally the plant communities are characterized by one or more obvious, typically woody species, growing in any given area. Grasslands, those areas dominated mainly by grass spe- cies, occur widely in the state, but the total area occupied by them, when compared to that dominated by woody and herbaceous species together, is not large. In some instances it has been useful to give a general designation to groups of communities within a given elevational and broad vegetational type. In general, the following group- ings of plants and some of their most obvious habital species are treated, starting at low elevation and moving upward. Warm desert shrub — Creosote bush, Joshua tree, blackbrush, cholla, desert willow, burro-bush, sand (old man) sagebrush, and Hilaria rigida . Hot, dry slopes, rock outcrops, and drainages of Washington, Kane, and San Juan counties support most of the warm desert shrub vegetative type in Utah. Chaparr.\l — Turbinella live-oak, Ceanothits greggii, Arctostaphylos ptingens, and Garnja flavescens. Chaparral is mainly developed in the Pine Valley and Bull Valley mountains of Washington County. Salt desert SHRUB — Shadscale, mat saltbush. Castle Valley saltbush, greasewood, seepweed, ephedra, Eri- ogontim conjmbostim , enceliopsis, zuckia, salt grass, and arctic rush. Saline valleys and geological strata, mainly at lower elevations are occupied by this community type. Riparian communities — Cottonwood, birch, alder, box elder, red-osier dogwood, horsetail, willow, taniarix, Forestieria, rabbitbrush, greasewood, common reed, saltgrass, Nebraska sedge, and arctic rush. Riparian com- munities occur at practically all elevations in Utah. Hanging gardens — Maidenhair ferns, Eastwood monkeyflower, cardinal monkeyflower, cave primrose. helleborine orchid, golden sedge, and many others. Hanging gardens occur along exposed water sources, mainly in sandstone along canyon walls in the southern portion of the state. Sand desert shrub — Sand (old man) sagebrush, Van- clevea. Eriugonum leptocladon , Sporoholu.s species, Yucca species, Indian ricegrass, Psoralidiumjunceum, P . lanccolatttm , and Arn-sonia tomentosa. Sandy areas are mainly at lower elevations in the valleys of western and southeastern Utah. Cooi. desert shrub — Big sagebrush, black sage- brush, winterfat, rabbitbrush, blue grama, galleta, Indian ricegrass, and dropseed species. Pinyon-JUNIFER or JUNIPERPINYON. — Pinyon pine, Utah juniper, big sagebrush, black sagebrush, mutton grass, and needle and thread. This vegetative type occurs over vast areas of the state. Mountain brush — Gambel oak, bigtooth maple, ser- vice berry, mountain mahogany, and big sagebrush. Large areas are occupied by mountain brush, mainly on foothills, but also in canyons at lower elevations. Ponderosapine. — Ponderosapine, manzanita, and as- pen. This community type is present on the drier sites in lower aspen communities and more moist portions of the mountain brush vegetative type. Often it occurs on acidic substrates. Fir — White fir, Douglas fir, mixed mountain brush, and aspen. The fir community is mainly restricted to north-facing slopes at moderate elevations in mountains. Aspen — Aspen, mixed mountain brush, big sage- brush, silver sagebrush, and transitional to the next. The aspen vegetative type is very important in the mountains of the state, often forming openings or parklands domi- nated by grass, grass-forb, and tall forb communities. Spruce-FIR. — Engelmann spruce, alpine fir, lodgepole pine, grass-forb, and sedge-forb. Large areas of spruce-fir forest are present in the mountains of the state, often forming patches around openings dominated by grass- forb, sedge-forb, or tall forb communities. Timberline or tree line occurs at the upper margin of the spruce-fir type. Alpine tundra.- — Various grass (Festuca, Poa), forb, {Geinn rossii, Arenarid, Stellaria, Silene, Dnjas), sedge {Carex, Kobresia), and shrub (Salix, Vaccinium) species at or above timberline. Alpine tundra consists of low- growing plants present in most high-elevation sites in Utah, mainly above .3,355 m elevation. The sites are cold, dry, and exposed to long light periods. They are exposed to proportionally greater amounts of ultraviolet radiation than are the other communities, which are buried be- neath progressively more atmosphere downward in ele- vation. Ph\'togeography Phytogeographic considerations in Utah involve the concepts of floras previous to the recent past, migrational pathways, and development of species in place (the neoendemics). Evolution of the floras of the Intermoun- tain Region have been reviewed by Tidwell, Rushforth, and Simper (1972) and will not be considered further here. Migration is a principal means of enrichment or depau- peration of a flora. Discussion of depauperation through outward migration is essentially moot, unless there is some evidence of a species having existed within an area in the first place. Enrichment is more easily demon- 8 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 9 strated because the plants now exist within the area under review. Taxa tend not to move as floras, but to move as individuals. Each individual (if not the taxon) evidently has a set of limits that controls where it can grow and a usually finite means of dispersal. Hence, plants tend to move within the habitat available to them along the lines of least resistance. Where such lines of least resistance are available to several or many taxa, as determined by coinci- dence of distribution patterns, migration routes are judged to exist. In Utah there are several main patterns of distribution, each correlated in some degree with one or more migra- tion pathways. Hot dry canyon slopes along the major river systems serve as routes for movement of propagules, especially upward along the lower portion of the canyons from the dry desert country to the south. The redbud (Cercis occidentalis) is such a plant, and the pattern can be designated as the redbud pathway. Others with the redbud pattern include numerous Mohavean plants. Two main prongs of this migration pathway occur in Utah, one along the Virgin River and another along Glen Canyon. The arms of this pathway are separated by the highland between the Hurricane fault and the East Kaibab mono- cline at the Cockscomb (the so-called Dixie corridor). The Utah agave {Agave utahensis) and Thamnosnui montana represent slightly shorter extensions of the redbud type, both occurring on the canyons in both Washington County and in or near Kane County along the canyons of the Colorado. Other Mohavean representation is that characterized by Joshua tree, creosote bush, stinking gourd, and their associates of lower elevations in Wash- ington County. Above them elevationally is developed a chaparral type, dominated by turbinella live oak (Quercus turbinella), Arctostaphijlos pungens, and Ceanothus greggii that is unmatched elsewhere in Utah. Both the oak and the Ceanothus (and the stinking gourd) are also sparingly represented along canyons of the Colorado in San Juan County. More broadly distributed plants of Mohavean representation include the cholla cacti as a group, and Opuntia whipplei more especially. This plant occurs sparingly along the drainages of the San Juan and Colorado rivers as far north as Grand County, and to southern Millard County in the Great Basin. This latter extension is matched, at least in part, by the extension o{ Primus fasciculat a and extended beyond by Lyciuin andersonii , both principally Mohavean in distri- bution. Other plants with this extension into the southern Great Basin from the Colorado River Drainage, but not necessarily Mohavean in general distribution, include Bigelow sagebrush (Artemisia higelovii). Astragalus mol- lissimus var. tlwrnpsonae , and Astragalus lonchocarpus . Nitrophila occidentalis and Solidago spectahilis are other extensions of the Mohavean type that occur in the south- ern Great Basin portion of Utah. The migration pathway for these plants, designated as the whipplei extension, seems not to have been directly across the intervening land between the hot deserts of Washington and Clark counties but up the drainages leading northward from the Virgin, especially up Meadow Valley Wash in Nevada and Beaver Dam Wash of Arizona, Utah, and Nevada. Evidence of movement of plants from higher elevations to lower elevations along the canyon systems is supported by the presence of plants typical oi high elevations in the canyon systems far below their usual region of growth. Aspen, Douglas fir, Rocky Mountain juniper, Utah ju- niper, and many other species of mountains occur along the canyons. Some of these instances are supported by lone waifs that are away from the main body of the spe- cies. However, the canyons tend to act as inverted moun- tains, being shaded for a much longer portion of the day and having, as a result of the cooling shade, more avail- able water than the surrounding arid lands; the habitats simulate those of the mountains. Habitat for hydrophytes along the waterways of Utah demonstrate the ease with which propagules move from place to place along them. Birds and other animals, in- cluding man, have moved along the waterways because of the ease the low-elevation corridors provide. The Great Basin, despite its north-south trending ranges that make movement for people difficult in an east-west direction, is essentially open to movement of propagules at low elevations. Astragalus callithrix, A. iincialis, and Swertia gypsicola are examples of low-ele- vation Great Basin endemics with representation in both Utah and Nevada. Movement at higher elevations is fraught with difficulties involving the transfer of propag- ules across broad, low-elevation, xeric valleys, and most of the mountain ranges support one or more narrow en- demics. Influencing the northern portion of the Great Basin is a route for movement of plants from the Snake River region of the Pacific Northwest. Populus trichocarpa is an exam- ple of the Snake River Plains extension into Utah. Plants of the Raft River Mountains tend to share affinities with the Pacific Northwest and belong to the trichocarfya ex- ample. An expansion of the trichocarpa type of distribu- tion is found in Astragalus purshii , which occurs from the west and northwest into Box Elder, Rich, and Uintah counties. Astragalus lentiginous var. platyphyllidius has about that same distribution pattern but is missing from the Uinta Basin proper (the only place in Utah where A . lentiginosus sens. lat. is not known to occur). The mountain and plateau axis formed by the Wasatch Range and its mountain chains, the Wasatch Plateau, and the Sevier-Paunsaugunt Plateau form an elevated route along which boreal plants have migrated. The boreal forest trees are examples of plants with access along the mountain ranges. Other examples include Charnae- rhodos erecta , which reaches its southern limits in the Tushar and Thousand Lake moimtains vicinity. Astra- galus australis and Oxytropis viscida show a similar pat- tern, but with more disjunct colonies northward along the mountain-plateau axis almost to the Uinta Mountains. Dryas octopetala is disjunct in the LHnta Mountains from its usually more northern distribution. The forest trees, especially, have evidently been able to move across the distances between elevated ranges of the Great Basin and the isolated mountains of the Navajo Basin in the Colo- rado Plateau. Evidence of movement at high elevation from the main ranges ol the Rocky Mountains is indicated by ranges of plants in the La Sal and less commonly in the Abajo mountains (e. g. , Draha spectahilis). Erigeron va- gus shares a distribution that includes not only the La Sal Mountains but portions oi the Se\'ier-Paunsaugunt Plateau. Several steppe and prairie elements show migrational pathways from the high cold steppes of Wyoming and irom New Mexico and Arizona. Both Astragalus adsur- gens and A . s})attdatus show a pattern from Daggett (Jounty to the high plateaus of the Sanpete-Emery divide. 1987 Welsh etal: A Utah Flora, Introduction Westward, the steppe flora (in depauperate form) sweeps to the crest of the Bear River Range. The chminvition of species is marked, even in the Utah portion of the steppe flora. Astrap,alus s,ilviJlorits gives way at a nuich lower elevation than does A . spatulatus, east of the Bear River divide in Rich County. And, possibly Boutelotia gracilis in the Uinta Basin shares the spatulatus -a(lsurg,ens route from the cold steppes. Elsewhere in the state, blue grama grass appears to have southern affinities, as do other prairie grasses (e.g., Sor'ity. 662 pp. Atwood. N D.. S Goodhich. and S L Welsh. 1984. New A.s- tragalus (Leguminosae) from the Goose Creek drainage, Utah-Nevada. Great Basin Nat. 44: 263-264. Atwood, N D and S L. Welsh 1985. New species ofTalinum (Portulacaceae) from Utah, (ireat Basin Nat. 45: 485-487. Bailey, L M 1951. Manual of cultivated plants. The MacMillan (Company, New York. 1116 pp. Bailey, L M and K Z Bailey 1976. Hortus third. (Revi.sed and expanded l)y the slaH of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Horto- rium), MacMillan Fui)iisiiing C:o., Inc., New York. 12^X) pp. Bahneby, R C and S, L. Welsh 1985. Ni'w species of Astragalus (Leguminosae) from southeastern Utah. (;reat Basin Nat. 45:551-552. Ben.SON. L 1979. Plant classification. 2nd ed. D. C. Heath and Co., Lexington, Massachusett,s. 901 pp. 1987 Welsh et al; A Utah Flora, Introduction 11 Boh. N. L. 1960. The grasses of Burma, Ceylon, India, and Pak- istan. Pergamon Press, London. 767 pp. BROTHERSON. J D . L A SZYSKA. AN13 VV E EVENSON 1980. Poisonous plants of I'tah. Great Basin Nat. 40: 229-2.53. Chatterlky. M . B T Welsh, and S L Welsh 1982. Prelimi- nar\' inde.\ of authors of Utah plant names. Great Basin Nat. 42; 385-394. ChRISTENSEN. E M 1967. Bibliography of Utah botany and wild- land conservation. Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull. Biol Ser. 9(1): 1-136. CHRISTENSEN. E M andS L WELSH 19ft3. Pre.settleuicnt vege- tation of the valleys of western Summit and Wasatch coun- ties, Utah. Proc. Utah Acad. 40: 200-201. CORRELL. D S AND M C JOHNSTON 1970. Manual of the vascu- lar plants of Texas. Texas Research Foundation, Renner, Texas. 1881 pp. Cronquist. a 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants. 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New variety of Stephanomeria tenuifolia (Compositae) from Utah. Great Basin Nat. 43: 373-374. Gould, F. W 1951. Grasses of the southwestern United States. Univ. Ariz.. Biol. Sci. BuU. 7: 1-352. 1975. The grasses of Texas. Texas A & M Press. College Station, Texas. 653 pp. Gould. F W , and R Moran 1981. The grasses of Baja Califor- nia, Mexico. San Diego Society of Natural History, San Diego. 140 pp. Gould, F. W and R. B. Shaw 1983. Grass systematics. 2d ed. Texas A & M Press, College Station. Texas. 397 pp. Graham. E H 1937. Botanical studies in the Uinta Basin of Utah and Colorado. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 26: 1-432. Halliday. P , R D Meikle, J Story, and H Wilkinson. 1980. Draft index of author abbreviations compiled at the herbarium. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Her Majestys Stationer Office. 249 pp. Hanson. A. A. 1972. Grass varieties in the United States. U.S. Dept. Agric. Handbook No. 170: 1-124. Harrington, H. D 19.54. Manual ofthe plants of Colorado. Sage Books, Denver. 666 pp. Harrison. B F.. S L Welsh, and G Moore 1964. Plants of Arches National Monument. Brigham Y'oung Univ. Sci. Bull. Biol. Ser. 5(1): 1-2.3. Hintze, L F 1972. Geologic history of Utah. Brigham Young University, Dept. of Geology. Provo. 181 pp. Hitchcock, A S. 1935. Manual of the grasses of the United States. U.S. Dept. Agric. Misc. Publ. 200: 1-1040. 1951. Manual ofthe grasses ofthe United States. 2nd ed., revised by Agnes Chase. U.S. Dept. Agric. Misc. Publ. 200: 1-1051. Hitchcock, C. L , A Cronquist, M Ownrey. and J W Thomp SON 1955. Vascular plants ofthe Pacific Northwest. Part 5: Compositae. Univ. Washington Publ. Bot. 17(5): 1-343. 19.59. Va,scular plants of the Pacific Northwest. Part 4: Ericaceae through Campanulaceae. Univ. Washington Publ. Bot. 17(4): 1-510. 1961. Va.scular plants of the Pacific Northwest. Part 3: Saxifragaceae to Ericaceae. Univ. Washington Publ. Bot. 17(3): 1-614. 1964. Vascular plants of the Pacific Northwest. Part 2: Salicaceae to Saxifragaceae. Univ. Washington Publ. Bot. 17(2): 1-.597. 1969. Vascular plants of the Pacific Northwest. Univ. Washington Publ. Bot. 17(1): 1-914. Holmgren. .\ II 1948, 1957. Handbook ofthe va.scular plants of the northern Wasatch. Lithotype Prk'css Company, San Francisco. 202 pp. Howell. J. T. E. McClintogk. and collaborators 1960. Supplement, pp. 10.35-1076. In: Arizcma flora. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. Hubbakd. C E 1968. Grasses: A guide to their structure, identi- fication, uses, and distribution in the British Isles. Revised ed. Penguin Books). Harmondsworth. 463 pp. Hulten. E 1964. The circumboreal plants. I. Almquist and Wik- sell. Stockholm. 275 pp. Kass. R. ]. AND S L. Welsh. 1985. New species of Primula (Prim- ulaceae) from Utah. Great Basin Nat. 45: .548-.5.50. Kearney, T H . R H Peebles, and collaborators 1969. Ari- zona flora. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. 1032 pp. Kingsbury, J M 1964. Poisonous plants ofthe United States and Canada. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. 626 pp. Knobloch, I W 1963. Hybridization in the Gramineae. Dar- winiana 12: 624-628. McVaugh. R 1983. Flora Novo-Galiciana. Vol. 14. Gramineae. Ed. W. R. Anderson. Univ. Mich. Press. Ann Arbor. 4.36 pp. MUNZ. P A. 1968. Supplement to a California flora. University of California Press, Berkeley. 224 pp. 1970. A California flora. University of California Press, Berkeley. 1681 pp. MuRDOCK. J R and S L. Welsh 1971. Land use in Wah Wah and Pine vallevs, western Utah. Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull. Biol. Ser. 12(4): 1-25. Neese, E. and S L. Welsh 1983. A new species oi Penstemon (Scrophulariaceae) from the Uinta Basin, Utah. Great Basin Nat. 43: 373-374. NiCORA, E. G 1978. Flora Patagonica, Part 3. Gramineae. Collec- cion Cientifica del I. N. T. A., Buenos Aires, Argentina. Northstrom. T E and S L Welsh 1970. Revision of the Hedysarwn boreale complex. Great Basin Naturalist 30: 109-130. 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Unpublished The- sis, Brigham Young University. 86 pp. 1970a. New and unusual plants from Utah. Great Basin Nat. 30: 16-22. 1970b. An undescribed species of Astragalus (Legumi- nosae)from Utah. Rhodora72: 189-193. 1971. Description of a new species of Da/ea(Leguminosae) from Utah. Great Basin Nat. 31: 90-92. 1974a. Anderson's flora of Alaska. Brigham Young Univ. Press, Provo, Utah. 724 pp. 1974b. Utah plant novelties in Astragalus and Yucca. Great Basin Nat. 34: 305-310. 1975. Utah plant novelties in Cymopfenw and Penstemon. Great Basin Nat. 35: 377-378. 1978a. Problems of plant endemism on the Colorado Plateau. Memoirs Great Basin Nat. 2: 191-195. 1978b. Endangered and threatened plants of Utah: a re- evaluation. Great Basin Nat. 38: 1-18. 1981. New taxa of western plants — in tribute. Brittonia.33: 294-303. 1982a. Utah plant types — Historical perspective 1840 to 1981 — Annotated list and bibliography. Great Basin Nat. 42: 1-44. 1982b. New taxa of thistles {Cirsium , Asteraceae) in Utah. Great Basin Nat. 42: 199-202. 1982c. A new species of Cnjptantha (Boraginaceae) dedicated to the memory of F. Creutzfeldt. Great Basin Nat. 42: 203-204. 1983. A bouquet of daisies (Erigeron, Compositae). Great Basin Nat. 43: 365-368. 1983b. New taxa in Thelespemxa and Townsendia (Compositae) from Utah. Great Basin Nat. 43: 369-370. 1986. History of botanical exploration in Utah: The Fremont era. Utah Acad. Sci. (in press). Welsh, S L and N D Atwood 1977. An undescribed species of Thelypodiopsis (Brassicaceae) from the Uinta Basin, Utah. Great Basin Nat. 37: 95-96. Welsh, S L, N D Atwood, S Goodrich, E Neese, K H Thorne. AND B Albee 1981. Preliminary index of Utah vascular plant names. Great Basin Nat. 41: 1-108. Welsh. S L , N D Atvvood, and J R Murdock 1978, Kaiparowits flora. Great Basin Nat. .38: 125-179. Welsh, S L, N D Atwood, and J L Reveal 1976. Endangered threatened, extinct, endemic, and rare or restricted Utah plants. Great Basin Nat. .35: 327-376. Welsh, S L, and R C Barneby 1981, A,s(raga/u,s lentiginosus (Fa- baceae) revisited — a unique new variety. Isleya 2(1): 1-2. Welsh, S L , and S Goodrich 1980, Miscellaneous plant novelties from Alaska, Nevada, and Utah, Great Basin Nat. 40; 78-88. Welsh, S L, andG Moore 1968. Plants of Natural Bridges National Monument. Proc. Utah Acad. 45: 220-248. 1973. Utah plants: Tracheophyta. Brigham Young University Press, Provo, Utah. 473 pp. Welsh. S L , and E Neese 1983a. New species in Hymenoxys and Perityle (Compositae). Great Basin Nat. 43: 369-.370. 1983b. New variety ofOpuntia basilaris (Cactaceae) from Utah. Great Basin Nat. 43: 700. Welsh. S L , and B W Olsen 1969. A living, prehistoric lumber tree. Proc. Utah Acad. 46: 149-159. Welsh, S L, and J L Re\Eal 1968. A new species of Townsendia from Utah. Brittonia20: 375-.377. Welsh, S L , and F G Smith 1983. New Haplopappus variety in Utah (Compositae). Great Basin Nat. 43: 371-372. Welsh, S L, andK H Thorne 1978. Illustrated manual of proposed endangered and threatened plants of Utah. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Publication, Denver, Colordo. 318 pp. Welsh, S L , and C A Torr, 1981, Biotic communities of hanging gardens in southeastern Utah. National Geographic Society Research Reports 13: 663-682. GROUP TRACHEOPHYTA - VASCULAR PLANTS Plants with a well developed vascular system (xylem and phloem) in the sporophyte generation, leaves (either macrophylls or microphylls), and roots; reproduction by spores, or by microspores and megaspores, and by seeds (in most), the latter borne in cones or flowers. Key to the Divisions and Classes. I. Plants with small scalelike leaves, usually with a single vein (microphylls); reproduction by means of spores; flowers or woody cones lacking 2 — Plants with large leaves, usually with more than a single vein (macrophylls), if scalclike, as occasionally, other- wise different from above; reproduction by spores or seeds, the latter borne in flowers or cones 3 2(1). Stems jointed, fluted, and hollow in the internodes; leaves not green, reduced to a whorl of connate scales at the nodes; plants neither grass- nor mosslike Etjuisetophyta, p. 9 — Stems not jointed; leaves green and imbricated, not whorled or forming a sheath at the nodes; plants either aquatic and grasslike or terrestrial and mosslike Lycopodiophyta, p. 13 .3(1). Plants fernlike and with broad leaves or free-floating aquat- ics with small overlapping leaves; reproduction by spores; flowers and woody cones lacking Polypodiophyta, p. 15 — Plants neither fernlike nor free-floating aquatics (except in Lemnaceae); reproduction by .spores and seeds, these borne in flowers or cones 4 4(3). Seeds not borne enclosed by ripening caqiels, but naked and situated on the surface of a scale, these borne crowded together on an iixis and forming a cone; flowers not developed; leaves typically needle- or scalelike . . Pinophyta, p. 24 — Seeds borne in ripening carpels; plants with flowers; leaves mainly not needle- or scalelike (Magnoliophyta) . . 5 5(4). Flower parts mainly 4- or 5-merous; leaves typically net veined; stems increasing in diameter by means of a cambium between the xylem and phloem; cotyledons typically 2 Magnoliopsida, p. .35 — Flower parts typically 3-merous; leaves typically paral- lel veined; stems usually lacking a cambium or, if present, producing entire vascular bundles; cotyledon I Liliopsida, p. 647 1987 Welsh etal: A Utah Flora. Isoetaceae, Selaginellaceae 13 DIVISION LYCOPODIOPHYTA Club mosses Perennial herbs with alternation of generations, the generations differentiated and ultimately independent; sporophyte well developed, with roots, stems, and mi- erophylls; vascular system protostelic, without leiil gaps; leaves typicalK' alternate and often spirally arranged, ei- ther scale- or grasslike, with a single, unhranched vascu- lar bundle; sporangia solitary, subtended by a sporophyll, the sporophylls aggregated into a definite or indefinite strobilus; spores dimorphic (megaspores and micro- spores) in Utah materials. Key to the Families 1. Plants aquatic, submerged in ponds or lakes, or occa- sionally growing on exposed mud. grasslike; leaves long and slender, from a broadly clasping base; sporangia at base of leaves Isoetaceae, p. 1.3 — Plants terrestrial, growing in dry, rocky situations, leaves small and scalelike; sporangia in terminal strobili Selaginellaceae, p. 13 ISOETACEAE Reichenb. Quillwort Family Plants perennial, aquatic, amphibious, or sometimes terrestrial herbs; stems cormlike, with leaves (mi- crophylls) clustered in a close spiral at the summit of the stem; leaves simple, elongate, dilated basally, the blade hollow and transversely septate, the outermost sterile, the next innermost bearing megasporangia, and the next innermost bearing microsporangia; sporangia solitary, enclosed in a cavity on the ventral side of the leaf base; ligule (a small flap of tissue) borne above the sporangial cavitv; spores dimorphic, of microspores and megaspores; X = 21. Isoetes L. Stems very short; leaves more or less cylindrical, elon- gate, the peripheral tissues often containing longitudinal strands of sclerenchyma; sporangia borne at the base of the leaves, usually covered by a velum or thin flap of tissue. Pfeiffer. N. E. 1922. Monograph of Isoetaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Garden 9: 79-232. 1. Megaspores obscurely tuberculate or ridged (as viewed at high magnification) 2 — Megaspores spinose, crested, or ridged (as viewed at high magnification) 3 2(1). Leaves mostly less than 15 cm long; hyaline sporophyll margins less than 1 cm long above the sporangium; sclerenchymatous strands essentially lacking . / . holanderi — Leaves mostly more than 15 cm long; hyaline sporophyll margins mainly 1-5 cm long above the sporangium; sclerenchymatous strands obvious / . howellii 3(1). Megaspores mostly less than 0.5 mm wide, spinose; leaves subulate /. echinospora — Megaspores mostly more than 0.5 mm wide, crested or ridged; leaves linear in the lower portion at least / . lacustri.s Isoetes holanderi Engelm. Bolander Quillwort. Leaves mostly 2-12 cm long, gradualK tapering from the broad base, slender, soft; hyaline margins extending to ca 1 cm above the sporangium; velum covering to ca 1/2 of the sporangium; megaspores 0.3-0.5 mm wide, obscurely tuberculate, ridged, or wrinkled. Ponds, lake margins, and sometimes on mud, at 1310 to 3205 m in Duchesne, Carheld, Salt Lake, Sevier, Summit, and Utah counties; British Columbia to Montana, .south to California, Ari- zona, and (>olorado; 14 (i). Isoetes echinospora Durieu Spiny Quillwort. Leaves mostly 2.5-10 cm long, gradually tapering from the broad base, slender, soft, straight or curved; hyaline margins extending mostly 1-4 (5) cm above the sporangium; velum covering less than 1/2 of the sporangium; megaspores 0.3-0.6 mm wide, more or less spiny with blunt, truncate, or bifid spines; n = 21. Ponds, lake margins, and in mud at 2300 to 3085 m in Duchesne and Summit counties; widely distributed in North America; circumboreal; 3 (i). Isoetes howellii Engelm. Howell Quillwort. Leaves mostly 15-25 (30) cm long, linear, very slender, firm; hyaline margins extending 1-5 cm above the sporangium; velum covering less than 1/2 of the sporangium; megaspores 0.3-0.5 mm wide, with low tubercles, ridges, or wrinkles. Pond margin (Dry Lake) at ca 1735 m in Cache County; Washington to Montana, south to Cali- fornia; 3 (0). Isoetes lacustris L. Lake Quillwort. Leaves linear, mostly 3-12 cm long, slender, firm; velum covering less than 1/2 of the sporangium; megaspores 0.5-0.8 mm wide, with crests or ridges; 2n = 110. Reported for the Uinta Mts. (Intermountain Flora 1: 184. 1972); widely disjunct in North America; circumboreal; (0). SELAGINELLACEAE Reichenb. Spikemoss Family Plants low, creeping, forming loose mats or dense tufts among rocks, mosslike in habit and appearance; stems branched, slender, erect or prostrate; leaves (mi- crophylls) numerous, small, oblong to lanceolate, to 3 mm long, sessile and imbricate, all alike and spirally arranged; heterosporous, the sporophylls green, ovate-triangular, slightly larger than the vegetative leaves, arranged in 4 ranks, sharply keeled and forming a 4-angled terminal strobilus often not much different than the vegetative stem; microsporangia and megasporangia axillary and randomly disposed in the strobilus, orange or yellowish; microspores numerous; megaspores 3-4 in each megasporangium, orange; prothalia minute, retained in the spore wall; x = 7, 8, 9. Selaginella Beauv. Evergreen herbs with dichotomously to monopodially branched stems; leaves numerous, imbricate, small; stro- bili bisexual, the lower sporophylls usually producing megasporangia and the upper ones microsporangia. Flowers. S 1944. Ferns of Utah. Bull Univ. Utah 35(7): 1-87. 1. Plants loosely matted, the branches distant, long and spreading 2 — Plants denselv tufted or matted, the branches short 3 14 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 9 2(1). Stems 2-3 mm thick; leaves gradually tapered to the apex, loosely imbricate, 2.5-3 mm long, the bristle tip 0.3-0.9 mm long S . underwoodii — Stems ca 1 mm thick; leaves abruptly contracted at the apex, appressed and closely imbricate, 1 mm long, a bristle tip lacking or minute S . mutica 3(1). Leaves tapering to the apex, the bristle tip long and slender, white, 1-2 mm long; plants of the La Sal and Uinta mts S . densa — Leaves abruptly acute, the bristle tip shorter, yellowish green, 0. 1-0.5 mm long or obsolete 4 4(3). Terminal setae of leaves evident, mostly 0.2-0.5 mm long; our most common and most widespread species S . watsonii — Terminal setae of leaves very short (rarely to 0.2 mm long) or obsolete; plants rare in Kane and Washington counties S . utahensis Selaginella densa Rydb. Rydberg Spikemoss. [S . ru- pestris var. densa (Rydb.) Clute; S . scopulorum Maxon]. Plants caespitose, densely tufted, the stems becoming 10-12 cm long, creeping, with numerous short compact and ascending branches; leaves densely imbricate, 2-3 mm long, 0.2-0.4 mm wide, pale green, brownish below, lanceolate to linear-oblong, tapering toward the apex, rounded and boat-shaped at back, narrowly grooved dor- sally, short-ciliate marginally (often sparingly so), erect, 1-2.5 cm long or longer, sharply 4-angled; sporophylls triangular-ovate, 1.5-2 mm long, the bristle tip ca 1 mm long; megaspores ca 0.4 mm thick, more or less distinctly roughened; 2n = 18. Rocky ledges and talus slopes in pinyon-juniper, sagebrush, spruce-fir, krummholz, and alpine tundra communities at 2700 to 4300 m in Daggett, Duchesne, Grand, San Juan, and Summit counties; Alaska to California, east to Manitoba, the Dakotas, New Mexico, and Arizona; 16 (0). Selaginella mutica D. C. Eaton Awnless Spikemoss. Plants very slender in widely spreading mats; stems 10-40 cm long, distantly and somewhat pinnately branched, 1 mm thick; leaves closely imbricate in 6 dis- tinct rows, 1 mm long, 0.2-0.3 mm wide, oblong to oblong-ovate, obtuse, the upper ones with very short hyaline points, the margins with spreading cilia; strobili slightly broader than the vegetative branches, sharply 4-angled, long and slender, 1-3 cm long, often curved; sporophylls ovate-triangular, 1.5-1.8 mm long, concave and keeled, the margin ciliate, the apex shortly bristle- tipped; megaspores ca 0.3 mm thick, undulate to nearly smooth or somewhat roughened. Rocky crevices, often in sandstone and shale, in sagebrush, pinyon-juniper, mixed desert shrub, ponderosa pine, and Douglas fir communities at 1730 to 2330 m in Emery, Garfield, San Juan, Uintah, and Wayne counties; Colorado to Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas; 13 (0). Selaginella underwoodii Hieron. Underwood Spike- moss. [S . feiidleri (Underw.) Hieron.]. Plants in spread- ing tufts or mats; stems slender, becoming 20-30 cm long, creeping, the branches long and distant, spreading, to 8 cm long, prostrate or ascending; leaves rather loosely imbricate, dark green, 2-3 mm long, lanceolate, oblong- lanceolate, to triangular-lanceolate, tapering at the apex, tipped with a pale yellowish bristle 0.4-0.9 nun long, the margins shortly and distantly ciliate; strobili ascending or erect, to 3 cm long; sporophylls triangular-ovate to -lance- olate, 1.5-2.5 mm long, the apex shortly mucronate, the margins sparingly ciliate; megaspores ca 0.3 mm thick, somewhat roughened; n = 7, 14, 18, 21. Rocky ledges and crevices in sagebrush, mountain brush, and ponderosa pine communities, mainly on Navajo Sandstone, at 1650 to 2500 m in Kane and Washington counties; Arizona, Colorado, Wyoming, New Mexico, and Texas; 4 (0). Selaginella utahensis Flowers Utah Spikemoss. Plants very similar to S . watsonii , but differing in the leaves which typically have a very short white point to 0. 1 mm long or less, or occasionally with a setum, but this seldom over 0.2 mm long, or the point obsolete and the leaves wholly muticous. Ledges and crevices in Navajo Sand- stone in sagebrush, oakbrush, pinyon-juniper, and pon- derosa pine communities at 1060 to 2350 m in Kane and Washington (type from Zion Canyon) counties; Nevada; 4 (i). Selaginella watsonii Underw. Watson Spikemoss. Plants in dense tufts or somewhat matted; stems 5-15 cm long, creeping; branches erect or ascending, to 4 cm long and 2 mm thick; leaves crowded, imbricate, dark green, brownish below, oblong-lanceolate, 2-3 mm long, 0.5-0.7 mm wide, concave, boat-shaped at back and with a narrow groove dorsally, the margins sparingly ciliate, the apex with a yellowish green bristle 0.2-0.4 mm long; strobili erect or diverging from the stem tips, sharply 4-angled, to 2.5 cm long (often much shorter); sporo- phylls triangular-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, sharply keeled, 2 mm long, 1 mm wide at the base, the margins smooth or finely ciliate; megaspores ca 0.4 mm thick, somewhat roughened. Ledges or talus slopes in mountain brush, ponderosa pine, aspen, spruce-fir, lodgpole pine, krummholz, and alpine tundra communities at 1290 to 4250 m in Beaver, Box Elder, Duchesne, Garfield, Juab, Millard, Piute, Salt Lake (type from Cottonwood Canyon), Sevier, Summit, Tooele, Uintah, Utah, Wash- ington, and Wayne counties; California to Nevada, Ore- gon and Montana; 70 (iii). DIVISION EQUISETOPHYTA Horsetails Perennial herbs with alternation of generations, both ultimately independent; sporophyte with roots, stems, and whorled scalelike microphylls; stems photosynthetic (or sometimes dimorphic and the fertile ones lacking chlorophyll), longitudinally ribbed and grooved, jointed, and usually hollow in the internodes, simple or with whorled branches through the sheathing leaf bases; spo- rangia borne beneath stalked peltate scales (sporangio- phores) closely grouped in whorls, forming a terminal strobilus; spores alike (homosporous), with the exine forming hygroscopic elaters; x = 108. EQUISETACEAE Michx. Horsetail Family Perennial, the stems annual or perennial, typically hollow, jointed, longitudinally ribbed; leaves microphyl- lous, whorled, small, and scalelike; strobili spikelike, bearing luunerous stalked, peltate scales with sporangia on the lower surface; spores numerous, spherical, with a thick pc-rispore consisting of 4 spirally wound bands (elaters), these hygroscopic. 1987 Welsh etal. A Utah Flora, Equisetaceae 15 Equisetum L. Plants rhizomatous perennials; stems annual or peren- nial and evergreen, with silicified eell walls; strohili borne on photosynthetie stems or on speeialized non-photosyn- thetie stems. 1. Stem,s annual, typically dimorphic, the fertile ones usu- ally without chlorophyll, the sterile commonly with reg- ular whorls of branches; cones with at least some pedun- cles much suq)assinK the suhtendinj; sheath, rounded apically £ ■ arvense — Stems perennial or annual, all alike, typically un- branched or, if so, lacking regular whorls of branches; cones with peduncles seldom exceeding the subtending sheath, apiculate 2 2(1). Stems slender, 1.5-4 mm thick, 1-3 dm tall, 5- to 12-ridged; central cavity less than half the diameter of the stem; leaves and teeth not sharpK' differentiated, the teeth persistent E. varienahim — Stems more robust, mostly 5-10 mm thick, 3-15 dm tall, 14- to 40-ridged; central cavity more than half the diameter of the stem; leaves and teeth sharply differenti- ated, the teeth usually deciduous 3 3(2). Stems overwintering; sheaths about as broad as long, finally ash colored and with 2 dark bands; cones evi- dently apiculate £ . hijemalc — Stems not overwintering; sheaths longer than broad, typically green and with 1 dark band only; cones incon- spicuously apiculate £ . laevigatum Equisetum arvense L. Meadow Horsetail. Stems an- nual, of 2 types, the sterile ones (5) 10-50 (60) cm tall, 1-5 mm thick, 10- to 12-ridged, the ridges with minute bumps and cross-ridges, the central cavity ca 1/4 the stem diameter, the stomates in 2 broad bands, not sunken, the sheaths 5-10 mm long, greenish, with teeth 1-3 mm long, persistent, separate or some united, brown or black- ish, the margins sometimes pale and hyaline; branches in regular whorls, 3- to 4-ridged, solid, usually not branched again; fertile stems whitish, pinkish, brownish, or yellowish, borne in springtime, soon withered, 0.6-3 dm tall, 3-8 mm thick, the sheaths 10-20 mm long, with teeth 5-9 (11) mm long, some connate; strobili 5-35 mm long or more, with peduncles much longer than the sub- tending sheath, blunt apically; n = 108. Moist to some- what dry places in sagebrush, mountain brush, pinyon-ju- niper, aspen, and fir communities at 1300 to 3200 m in Beaver, Daggett, Davis, Duchesne, Emerv', Garfield, Grand, Iron, Juab, Kane, Morgan, Salt Lake, San Juan, Sanpete, Sevier, Summit, Tooele, Uintah, Utah, Wasatch, Washington, Wayne, and Weber counties; widely distributed in North America; circumboreal; 61 (v). Equisetum hyemale L. Common Scouringrush. Stems perennial, evergreen, all alike, commonly 2- 10 dm tall or more, 4-10 mm thick or more, with (14) 16-20 ridges or more, the ridges with 2 rows of tubercles or 1 row of transverse ridges, the central cavity ca 3/4 the stem di- ameter, the stomates in 2 rows in each groove, not sunken; sheaths 3-10 (15) mm long, usually with 2 black bands separated by a grayish band at maturity, the teeth 2—4 mm long, deciduous, black, hyaline-margined, jointed to the sheath; strobilus 10-25 (30) mm long, sub- sessile or with peduncles subequal to the subtending sheath, stoutly apiculate. Streambanks, seeps, and marshes in sagebrush, riparian, mountain brush, pon- derosa pine, and aspen-fir communities at 1230 to 2850 m in Beaver, Bo.x Elder, Cache, Daggett, Duchesne, Emery, Gariicld, Grand, Juab, Kane, Millard, Piute, Salt Lake, San Juan, Tooele, Utah, Wasatch, Washington, and Weber counties; widespread in North America; Eurasia; 35 (ii). Equisetum laevigatum A. Br. Smooth Scouringrush. [E . kansanum Schalfner; E. funstonii A. A. Eaton]. Stems annual, all alike, commonly 2- 10 dm tall, 2-8 mm thick, with (14) 16-30 ridges, the ridges smooth or com- monly with low transverse wrinkles; central cavity about 2/3-3/4 the diameter of the stem; sheaths widened up- ward, the upper ones green with an apical dark band; leaves keeled below, the teeth usually scarious-mar- gined, 1-2 mm long, articulated, and soon deciduous; cones short-pedunculate or nearly sessile, 10-25 mm long, rather blunt or inconspicuosly apiculate. Riparian and other moist habitats in blackbrush, sagebrush, greasewood, pinyon-juniper, mountain brush, aspen, spruce-fir, and lodgepole pine communities at 1320 to 3350 m in all except Iron, Piuto, and Sevier counties; British Columbia to Baja California, east to Ontario and Texas; 90 (iv). Equisetum variegatum Schleicher Variegated Scour- ingrush. Stems perennial, evergreen, all alike, commonly (0.5) 1-4 dm tall, 1-2 (4) mm thick, with 5-12 ridges, each ridge with 2 rows of tubercles, the central cavity 1/4-1/3 the diameter of the stem, the stomates in 2 rows in each groove, sunken below the epidermis; sheaths (1) 2-4 mm long, the base not easily distinguished, flared, black or blackish apically, the teeth 1-2 (3) mm long, with conspicuous white-hyaline margins; strobilus (3) 7-10 mm long, subsessile or shortly pedunculate, prominently apiculate. Wet meadows and along streams in aspen, spruce-fir, and alpine tundra communities at 2850 to 3700 m in Beaver, Garfield, Iron, Kane, and Salt Lake coun- ties; Alaska to the Atlantic and south to Washington, Illinois, and Pennsylvania; circumboreal; 4 (0). DIVISION POLYPODIOPHYTA Ferns Perennial herbs with alternation of generations, these ultimately independent; sporophyte with roots, stems, and macrophylls (typically with more than one vein or with branched veins); stele with leaf gaps; stems mostly rhizomatous; leaves typically alternate and large, some- times reduced; sporangia borne on foliage or modified leaves, typically in sori, or in some borne in specialized sporocarps representing modified leaf segments; sporo- phylls not aggregated into a strobilus; spores alike (ho- mosporous) or dissimilar (heterosporous). Key to the families 1. Spores borne in sporangia on green, aerial leaves; plants terrestrial 2 — Spores borne in sporocarps (these usually below ground or water level); plants aquatic or amphibious, often free floating 3 2(1). Spore-bearing leaves strikingly different from the vege- tative leaves; sporangium without an annulus. opening by a transverse, gaping slit Ophioglossaceae. p. 16 16 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 9 — Spore-bearing leaves much like the vegetative ones, at most having narrower segments; sporangium with an annulus Polypodiaceae, p. 17 3(2). Leaves palmately divided into 4 leaflets, cloverlike with long petioles; plants rooting in mud, often in shallow ponds or lakes, the leaves floating .... Marsiliaceae, p. 16 — Leaves entire or 2-lobed, sessile; plants small, branched, 0.5-2 cm long, floating on water Salviniaceae, p. 24 MARSILEACEAE R. Br. Pepperwort Family Plants herbaceous, creeping, rooting in mud, with slender branching rhizomes; leaves erect, filiform or with long 2- to 4-foliolate blades; leaflets cuneate-obovate, the veins dichotomous; sporocarps hard and bony, glo- bose to ellipsoid, pilose to glabrous, pedunculate, borne on the rhizome near the petiole base or on the petiole; sori solitary within the compartments, each producing archegonia. Marsilea L. Plants small, cloverlike; leaves long-petiolate, the blades 4-foliolate, cruciform; sporocarps subglobose to ellipsoid, mostly with 2 teeth near the base, splitting into 2 valves at maturity and producing numerous sori on a gelatinous receptacle; sori including both megasporangia and microsporangia. Johnson, D. M. 1986. Systematics of the New World species of Marsilea (Marsileaceae) Syst. Bot. Monogr. 11: 1-87. 1. Superior tooth of sporocarps typically more than 0.4 mm long, acute M. vestita — Superior tooth of sporocarp typically (when present) less than 0.4 mm long, blunt M. oligospora Marsilea oligospora Goodding. Rhizomes long-creep- ing, hairy at the apex; petioles 3-15 cm long; leaflets cuneate, 6-15 mm long, entire, hairy; peduncles distinct from petioles, short; sporocarp solitan,', 5-6 mm long, early densely hairy, finally glabrate. Muddy shores of ponds and lakes in Cache (Dry Lake) County; Washington to Montana, south to California and Wyoming; 3 (0). Marsilea vestita Hook. & Grev. Pepperwort; Water- clover. [M . mucronata A. Br.]. Rhizomes long-creeping, densely hairy at the nodes; petioles 2-18 cm long, with broadly cuneate leaflets 5-15 mm long, entire, hairy; peduncles distinct from the petiole, short; sporocarps solitary, 4-8 mm long, early densely hairy, later more sparsely so. Sinks, mudflats, pools, and other moist places in willow, tamarix, cottonwood, and mixed forb commu- nities at 1470 to 2000 m in Emery, Millard, Rich, Salt Lake, Sevier, Uintah, Washington, and Weber counties; British Columbia to Minnesota, south to Arkansas, Texas, Arizona, and California; 14 (0). OPHIOGLOSSACEAE R. Br. Adderstongue Family Plants more or less succulent, with short tuberous erect rhizomes; leaves 1 per stem, green, simple or compound, nodding in bud but not circinate, the fertile portion of the frond distinct, borne erect, arising from the stipe; sporan- gia borne naked on the fertile spikelike or branched seg- ment; indusia lacking; sporangia without an annulus, opening by a slit; spores tetrahedral, numerous; gameto- phyte subterranean, threadlike; x = 45, 60. Botrychium Swartz Plants from clustered fleshy roots; stem simple, erect, fleshy, surrounded by a sheath of brown scaly leaf bases; leaf solitary with a common stalk bearing one sterile blade and a fertile one, the latter bearing a spicate or branched cluster of globose sporangia in 2 rows; leaves entire to pinnately or palmately lobed, the veins not netted; fertile segment pinnate or bipinnate; x = 45. Flowers, S. 1944. Ferns of Utah. Bull. Univ. Utah. 35(7): 1-87. 1. Leaves with distinct petioles, tending to be ternate-pin- nate, the basal pair of pinnae enlarged, attached near ground level B . simplex — Leaves sessile or nearly so, attached near the middle of the stem 2 2(1). Sterile blade once-pinnatifid, the pinnae fan-shaped and mostly overlapping B . lunaria — Sterile blade mostly bipinnate, the pinnae ovate to oblong, not or only slightly overlapping 3 3(2). Blades deltoid or deltoid-ovate in outline; lower pinnae distant, conspicuously larger and longer than the upper ones B . lanceolatum — Blades ovate to oblong in outline; lower pinnae approxi- mate, not conspicuously larger or longer than the upper ones, broadly ovate to obovate-oblong, obtuse . .B . boreale Botrichium boreale Milde Northern Grapefem. [B . crassinervium var. obtusilobum Rupr.]. Plants stout and fleshy, 8-13 (25) cm tall; common stalk 1/3-1/2 above ground, 3-7 cm long, the sterile leaf blade nearly sessile, yellowish green, to 3 cm long, ovate to oblong in outline, once-pinnate to bipinnate; pinnae approximate or slightly overlapping, 6—10, sessile or decurrent, rhombic, ovate, or elliptical, 4-12 mm long, lobed or divided, the tips obtuse, rounded; fertile segment longer than the sterile, racemose to paniculate, to 3 cm long; 2n = 180. Open moist or wet grassy meadows at ca 3330 m in Summit County; Alaska to Washington, Montana, and Oregon; Siberia; 1 (0). Botrichium lanceolatum (S. G. Gmel.) Angstrom LanceleafGrapefern. [OsmundalanceolataS. G. Gmel.]. Plants stout and fleshy, 6-40 cm tall, the common stalk 4-15 cm long; sterile leal blade sessile or nearly so, inserted near the top of the plant, broadly deltoid in outline, 1-6 cm long, 1-8 cm wide at the base, the apex acute, pinnately divided, the lower pinnae or segments distant, lanceolate, conspicuously longer and larger than the upper ones that are oblong-lanceolate to ovate, vari- ously lobed, cleft, or divided, the lobes bhmtly acute; fertile segment with a short stalk ca 1 cm long or shorter, paniculate, 1-5 cm long. Meadows, open woods, and slopes, at ca 3330 m in Juab County; Labrador to Maine, west to Alaska and south to Washington and C^olorado; Greenland, Iceland, and Eurasia; 1 (0). Botrichiujti lunaria (L.) Swartz Moonwort. [Osmunda lunaria L.; li . onondaficnsc Undei-w.; B. lunaria var. anondaiicn.se (Undei-\v.) House; B. lunaria f ononda- Hcnsc (I'nderw.) Butters & Abbe; B. mingancnse Vic- torin; B . lunaria var. niin^anense (Vict.) Dole; B . lunaria 1987 Welsh etal : A Utah Flora. Polypodiaceae 17 ssp. mtnganense (Vict. )Cakler& Taylor]. Plants 3-28 cm tall, the common stalk short, sheathed with scaly leaf bases, the sterile blades sessile, from a lonjj sheathing base, diverging below the middle oi the plant, the blade 2-10 em long, ovate-oblong to oblong in outline, once- pinnately divided, the segments 5-15, Innately renif'orm or fan-shaped, mostly overlapping, entire or the upper ones crenate to incised; fertile segment exceeding the sterile leaf, long-stalked, the fruiting portion simple, racemose, or paniculate; n = 45. Grassy meadows or edges of woods at 2350 to 35(K) m in Beaver, Cache, Daggett, Duchesne, Iron (?), Juab, Salt Lake, and Sum- mit counties; Alaska to Labrador, south to California, Arizona, Colorado, and Maine; Greenland, Eurasia, South .\merica. New Zealand, and Australia; 8 (0). Botrichium simplex E. Hitchc. Little Grapefern. [B . virfiinianumviir. simplex (E. Hitchc.) Gray]. Plants 3-10 (16) cm tall, the common stalk 0.5-4 cm long, the sterile leal di\ erging from at or near the ground le\el, the petiole to 4 cm long, half as long as the blade or more, the blade 0.3-4 cm long, ovate to ovate-oblong, simple to pinnately divided, the segments fan-shaped, oblong, or rhom- boidal, broadly inserted and decurrent on the indetermi- nate rachis, entire, crenate, or divided above, the fertile segment on a long stalk usually exceeding the sterile leaf, simple or 1- or 2-pinnately divided. Moist to somewhat dry woods and open slopes at 2300 to 3500 m in Kane and Salt Lake counties; British Columbia to Newfoundland and south to California, New Mexico, Indiana, and New Jersey; circumboreal; 2 (0). POLYPODIACEAE R. Br. Common Fern Family Plants with scaly or hairy, creeping rhizomes; leaves coiled in the bud (circinate), forming fiddleheads, petio- late, simple or more commonly compound or decom- pound (pinnate or ternate-pinnate), often hairy or scaly; fertile and sterile leaves alike or dissimilar; sporangia grouped into sori on the lower leaf surface, these naked or covered by an indusium or by the recurved leaf margin; sporangia with an annulus; spores all alike; prothalia flat, green, aerial; x = 29, 30, 34, 36, 40, 41, 42. Amow, L . B. Albee, and A. Wyckoff. 1980. Ferns, pp 48.5-493. In: Flora of the central Wasatch Front. Utah. University of Utah Printing Ser- vices. Salt Lake City. Cronquist, A. et al. 1972. Ferns, pp 192-220 In: Intermoiintain Flora Vol I. Hafner Publishing, New York. Flowers, S. 1944. Ferns of Utah. Bull Univ Utah .15: 21-67. 1. Rhizome and leaves hairy, but not scaly; sori linear, marginal, confluent; stipe bundles several; blades large, coarse, subternately compound; plants of broad distribution Pteridium — Rhizome and often the leaves scaly and also hairy; plants of various distribution 2 2(1). Sori marginalor nearly so, or borne in lines along the veins and then lacking an indusium; stipe bundle solitar\'; spores tetrahedral 3 — Sori dorsal on the veins, with or without an indu- sium, the indusium, when present, not formed by the leaf margin; stipe bundles 2 or more at base; spores bilateral 9 3(2). Sporangia borne on veins on the underside of a reflexed marginal lobe; plants of the Wasatch Mts. and the southern half of Utah Adiantum — Sporangia not borne on the under side of a marginal lobe, but on the leaf surface beneath a marginal lobe; plants of various distribution 4 4(3). Sporangia borne in lines on the veins; blades pentag- onal in outline; plants known from Washington County Pityrogramma — Sporangia submarginal; blades various; plants of var- ious distribution 5 5(4). Leaves dimorphic or not, but the fertile ones always with glabrous, narrow, and elongate ultimate seg- ments 1-3 (5) cm wide 6 — Leaves usually not dimoq^hic, the fertile with ulti- mate segments usually much broader 7 6(5). Leaves strongly dimorphic, the sterile ones well developed, but obviously shorter than the fertile; stipes greenish or greenish stramineous, at least distally; plants rather broadly distributed Cryptogramma — Leaves weakly, if at all, dimorphic, either all alike and fertile, or with a few sterile ones and those not much different than the fertile ones; stipes dark brown; plants of montane sites in Salt Lake and Utah counties Aspidotus 7(5). Margins of fertile pinnae or pinnules not inrolled, or only slightly and irregularly so; plants mostly of Washington County Notholaena — Margins of the fertile pinnae or pinnules conspicu- ously inrolled, forming a continuous indusial flap; plants rather broadly distributed 8 8(7). Leaf blades glabrous or nearly so, not conspicuously woolly or scaly, the ultimate segments usually well over 5 mm in length Pellaea — Leaf blades conspicuously woolly or scaly or both, at least beneath, the ultimate segments all shorter than 5 mm in length Cheilunthes 9(2). Indusium none; leaves simple, deeply pinnatilid, the lobes mostly oblong and finely serrate to entire; plants of Washington Countv' Polypodium — Indusium present, but often inferior and concealed or soon withering; plants rather broadly distributed . . 10 10(9). Indusium peltate, attached by a central stalk, spreading over the sorus; leaves evergreen, often spiny-toothed or sharply serrate Polystichum — Indusium not peltate; leaves not spiny-toothed 11 1 1(10). Sori oblong; indusia elongate, straight or curved .... 12 — Sori round or nearly .so; indusia somewhat horse- shoe-shaped or circular (in Woodsia splitting from the top into hairlike segments) 13 12(11). Leaves usually less than 3 dm long, including the petiole; blades once-pinnate; pinnae less than hvice as long as wide, toothed to subentire; sori straight, attached to the outer side of the vein; plants known from the Uinta Mts. and Washington County .... Asplenium — Leaves 3-10 dm long; blades 2-3 times pinnate; pinnae more than twice as long as wide and pinnate; sori straight or more often curved across the veins; plants of the Uintah and Wasatch mts. and from Washington County Athyrium 13(11). Indusium horseshoe- or kidney-shaped, attached along the inner, notched margin; leaf blades 3-10 dm long; plants known from Garfield, Kane, and Washington counties Dryopteris — Indusium not as above; leaf blades to 3, rarely 4, dm long; plants broadly distributed 14 18 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 9 14(13). Indusium inferior, attached under the sori, splitting at the top into slender or scalelike, somewhat beaded segments; leaves moderately thick, the veins obscure, the margins often irregularly recurving; rhizomes bearing marcescent petiole bases . . . Woodsia — Indusium attached on one side only, hoodlike, com- monly reflexed at maturity; leaves thin, the veins distinct, the margins usually flat; rhizomes without marcescent leaf bases Cystopteris Adiantum L. Delicate, small ferns with slender, scaly, creeping rhi- zomes, the scales concolorous, long-attenuate, and rusty; fronds widely spreading, compound; stipe and rachis black or red black, smooth and shiny; blades membrana- ceous, compound, glabrous, scaleless; pinnules leaflet- like, with main veins along one margin, the veinlets dichotomous; sori marginal at the tips of lobes; indusium false, formed by the strongly reflexed tips of the leaflet lobes. 1. Blades longer than broad; stipe not dichotomously branched, continous with the flexuous rachis; leaflets flabellate or rhomboid; rhizome scales minute, less than 0.5 mm wide; plants widespread A. capillus-veneris — Blades broader than long; stipes dichotomously branched apically; leaflets subrectangular; rhizome scales 1-2 mm wide; plants of restricted distribution A. pedatum Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Maidenhair Fern. [A . mo(/esfiimUnderw.; A. capillus-veneris var. modestum (Un- derw.) Fern.; A. rimicola Slosson, type from San Juan County; A. capillus-veneris var. modestum f rimicola Fern.]. Rhizomes creeping, brown scaly; leaves 3-40 cm long, including stipes, pinnately compound, the rachis flexu- ous; stipes scaly at the base, black below, brown above, shiny and smooth; pinnules broadly obovate-cuneate to rhom- boidal, often oblique at the base, the main vein marginal, the margins lobed or cleft, the lobes in turn serrate-dentate; indusium often transversely elongated or curved, greenish, becoming brown in age, the margin thin and hyaline, entire or undulate-erose; n = 30, 60. Seeps and hanging gardens, commonly in sandstone or limestone, at 830 to 1850 m in Emery, Grand, Garfield, Kane, Millard, San Juan and Wash- ington counties; British Columbia to South Dakota, Missouri, Virginia, Florida, and south to Texas, Arizona, California; subtropics of both hemispheres; 69 (xii). Adiantum pedatum L. Northern Maidenhair Fern. [A . pedatum var. aleuticum Rupr.; A. pedatuin ssp. aleuticum (Rupr.) Calder & Taylor]. Rhizome thick, beset with brown scales; leaves solitary or few, mostly 20-70 cm long, the petioles purplish black, 10-40 cm long, the blade glabrous, with main pinnae dichotomously branched, shorter than the petioles and more or less parallel with the ground, 3-60 cm k)ngand about as wide; pinnae commonly 8 or more, with the central ones the longest; pinnules broader than long, with a straight lower margin and curved, lobed, upper margin bear- ing the sori; 2n 58, 60. Shaded wet cliffs, crevices, and streamsides at 24(XJ to 3860 m in (iaifield. Salt Lake, and Washington counties; Alaska to the Atlantic, south to Califor- nia, Oklahoma, and (Georgia; Asia; 31 (0). Our material is assignable to var. aleuticum Rupr. Aspidotus C^opci. Small, mesophytic rockferns with short scaly rhizomes; scales of rhizome narrow, attenuate; leaves glabrous. evergreen, only slightly dimorphic, if at all, 2-4 times pinnate, with free veins; pinnules often confluent; stipes slender and wiry, brown; margins of fertile pinnules re- flexed and abruptly scarious-margined, the margin form- ing an indusium for the submarginal sori. Aspidotus densa (Brack. ) Leilinger [Cheilanthes siliqu- osa Maxon; Cryptofi,ramma densa (Brack.) Diels in En- gler & Prantl]. Leaves evergreen, glabrous, 6-25 cm long, including the stipe, densely tufted; stipes dark red- dish brown, shiny, 4-18 cm long, usually longer than the blades, scaly at the base and on the rhizome, with minute, firm, narrow, acute and almost black scales; blades mostly monomorphic and fertile or a few of them sterile, ovate- triangular to oblong in outline, 2.5-6 cm long, tripin- nately compound; pinnae few, 4-8 in offset pairs, the basal ones broadly triangular and longer than the upper ones, the ultimate segments numerous, confluent, linear to linear-elliptic, 3-12 mm long, abruptly tapering to a firm, mucronate tip, the margins strongly revolute, the recurved portion abruptly white-membranous; sori borne on the white indusial leaf margin at its junction with the green portion; n = 30. Rock crevices and moist slopes at 2830 to 3400 m in Salt Lake and Utah counties; British Columbia to Gaspe, south to Oregon, Idaho, and Mon- tana; 2 (0). Asplenium L. Evergreen, small to medium ferns; rhizome short, with numerous roots; scales of rhizome dark, long, and slen- der; leaves 1- to 3-pinnate, or irregularly divided; veins free, simple or forked and not extending to the margin; petiole slender, wiry, green to brown or black; sori lami- nar, elongate, each borne on a veinlet; indusium hyaline, flaplike, attached along the vein that bears the sorus and opening along the side toward the midline of the segment; spores bilateral. Note: This is an obscure genus in Utah, consisting of small, delicate, easily overlooked ferns. Their rarity in the state together with their inconspicuous nature accounts for the paucity of collections. 1. Leaf blades irregularly forked, with a few narrow seg- ments, each segment 1-2 cm long, entire or with a few teeth; sori very elongate; plants known from the Uinta and La Sal mts A . septentrionale — Leaf blades with many pinnae, not narrowly linear; sori not very elongate 2 2(1). Fronds bipinnate to tripinnate, ovate-deltoid in outline; plants known from Zion National Park A . adiantum -nifirum — Fronds once pinnate; plants of various distribution 3 3(2). Stipes brown below, the rachis green or greenish; leaves soft, not evergreen; plants of the Uinta and Wasatch ints A . viride — Stipes and rachis puqile brown to nearly black; leaves firm, evergreeen 4 4(3).Stipi's and rachis purple brown; leaf divisions without a small, earlike lobe at base, broadest above the base; plants of the Wasatch Mts A. trichomanes — Stipe and rachis blackish; le;d divisions with a small, earlike lobe at base, broadest above the base; plants of Washington Ooimty A . resiliens Asplenium adiantum -ni^rumL,. Black Spleenwort. [A. andrcwsii \. Nels.]. Fronds tufted or a few together, 1-3 1987 Welsh et al A Utah Flora. Polypodiaceae 19 dm long; stipes chestnut brown to blackish below and greenish above; blades ovate-deltoid to elongate deltoid, 3-15 cm long, 2.5-7.6 cm wide, bipinnate or ternate, pinnae deltoid below to lanceolate above, the segments ovate-lanceolate, incised-serrate; sori short but almost connected in a continous chain on the pinnae; indusia straight, entire or nearly so; n 72. Shaded, mesic cliffs of Navajo Sandstone, in the mountain brush and pon- derosa pine community at 1750 m in Washington County; Arizona and Colorado; Europe, Asia, and Africa; 4 (i). Our material does not appear to difler in any major respects from the Old World specimens. Asplenium resiliens Kunze Ebony Spleenwort. F"ronds clustered, mostly 5-25 cm long; blades subcoriaceous, linear-oblong to narrowly oblanceolate, pinnate; stipe short, slender, shining, black or purplish black, rounded beneath, flattened and with 2 narrow wing-angles above; rachis colored like the stipe; pinnae 15-.35, opposite or slightly offset pairs, irregularly crenate-serrulate, asym- metrically attached at the base; sori usually several on each of the fertile pinnae, 1-2 mm long. Shady crevices of sandstone in warm desert shrub to pinyon-juniper and mountain brush communities, usually in shaded canyons, at 1300 to 1800 m in San Juan and Washington counties; Colorado to Pennsylvania, south to Mexico; South Amer- ica; 5 (i). Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffm. [Acrostichum septentrionale L.]. Fronds densely tufted, 5-20 cm long; stipes slender, brown purple at the base, naked for some distance; blades irregularly forking, with 2-5 narrowly linear, grasslike, rather rigid segments 1-2 cm long, these tapering from the middle, entire or with a few long narrow teeth near the apex; sori elongate, 2-3 per seg- ment, usually in pairs near each margin; indusium contin- uous just within the margin on each side, entire or spar- ingly short ciliate; n = 36, 72. Rock crevices in sagebrush, pinyon-juniper, mountain brush, and spruce-fir commu- nities at 1600 to 2715 m in Daggett, Grand, San Juan, and Uintah counties; Oregon to South Dakota, south to Baja California, New Mexico, and Oklahoma; 4 (0). Asplenium trichomanes L. Maidenhair Spleenwort. Rhi- zomes ver\- short; leaves clustered, 5-20 (25) cm long, glabrous, evergreen, associated with persistent leaf bases of previous seasons; petioles slender, curved, shining, dark red- dish brown; blade oblong to linear in outline, the rachis col- ored like the stipe; pinnae mostly 12-35 opposite or offset pairs, 2-9 mm long and 1-7 mm broad, toothed; sori elon- gate, with conspicuous indusium; n -^ 36, 72, 81. On rocks and crevices of cliffs or talus slopes, in mountain brush, aspen, and spruce-fir communities, at 1750 to .3000 m in Salt Lake and Utah counties; Alaska to the Atlantic, south to Oregon, Arizona, Texas, Alabama, and Georgia; Eurasia; 3 (0). Asplenium viride L. Green Spleenwort. Rhizomes short; leaves clustered, 2-15 cm long, glabrous or sparsely glandu- lar-hairy, usually not evergreen, commonly with persistent leaf bases of previous seasons; petioles slender, brown to purplish brown at base, becoming greenish upwards; blade oblong in outline, the rachis green or greenish; pinnae mostly 3-20 opposite or subopposite pairs, 2-9 mm long and 1-6 mm wide, crenate; sori elongate, with conspicuous indusia. Rock crevices, mostly on limestone, in spruce-fir and alpine tundra communities at 3550 to .3980 m in Cache, Duchesne, Salt Lake, Uintah, and Utah counties; Alaska to the Atlantic, south to Washington, Nevada, Colorado, Wisconsin, and New York; 14(0). Athyrium Roth Medium to large sized, mesophytic, deciduous ferns; rhizomes short, .scaly, ascending, clothed with persistent petiole bases of preceding seasons; leaves 2-4 times pinnately compound, the pinnae once to thrice com- pound or pinnatifid, the veins reaching the margin; peti- ole coarse, flattened and black basally becoming herba- ceous upwards, scaly, with 2 vascular bundles at the base, these anastomosing upwards; sori round to elongate; in- dusium hyaline, flaplikc, attached along the vein on the side of the sorus toward the margin of the segment, or lacking. L Leaf blades finely dissected, the pinnules narrowly lanceolate in outline, acute apically; indusium lacking; plants uncommon A . dLstentifolium — Leaf blades rather coarsely dissected, the pinnules lance-oblong to lanceolate in outline, more or less rounded apically to acute; indusium present; plants lo- cally common A . filix -femina Athyrium distentifolium Tausch ex Opiz Alpine Lady- fern. Rhizomes short, with leaves arranged in a vaselike tuft; leaves mostly 20-80 cm long, glabrous, deciduous, usually borne with persistent leaf bases of previous sea- sons; petioles coarse, blackish and scaly basally, becom- ing greenish or straw colored and sparsely scaly upwards; blade 15-60 cm long, lance-elliptic in outline, 2-4 times pinnately compound or pinnatifid; pinnae mostly 15-25 pairs; pinnules numerous, lanceolate in outline, acute; sori round, less than 1 mm wide; indusium lacking. Stream margins and other moist sites at 2700 to 3300 m in Cache and Weber counties; Alaska to California, Nevada, and Colorado, and di.sjunctly in northeastern North America; circumboreal; 4 (0). Our material belongs to var. americanum (Butters]) Cronq. [A. alpestre var. ainericanum Butters; A. distentifolium ssp. americanum (Butters) Hulten]. Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth Lady-fern. [Poly- podium filix-femina L.]. Rhizomes short, with leaves arranged in a vaselike tuft; leaves mostly (20) 30-130 cm long, glabrous, deciduous, usually with persistent leaf bases of the previous seasons; petioles coarse, blackish and scaly basally, becoming greenish or straw colored and sparsely scaly upward; blade (15) 25-100 cm long, lance- olate to lance-elliptic in outline, 2-3 times pinnately compound or pinnatifid; pinnae mostly 20-35 pairs; pin- nules numerous, oblong to lanceolate in outline, rounded to acute; sori oblong to horseshoe-shaped; indusium straight or curved, often toothed; 2n = 80. Moist sites in mountain brush, ponderosa pine, aspen, and spruce-fir communities at 2250 to 3200 m in Daggett, Juab, Salt Lake, Sevier, Summit, Uintah, Utah, Washington, and Weber counties; Alaska to the Atlantic, south to Califor- nia, Texas, and Florida; circumboreal; 20 (v). Our plants have been assigned to var. cyclosorum (Rupr.) Ledeb. [A . cyclosorum Rupr. ], which is separable only with diffi- culty from the typical European materials. Cheilanthes Swartz Small, evergreen ferns with scaly short to widely creep- ing, much branched rhizomes; fronds not dimorphic, rigidly erect-spreading, mostly tomentose to glandular or paleaceous; stipes wiry, blackish to reddish brown or stramineous; blades pinnate to bipinnate-pinnatifid or 20 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 9 further decompound, with the veins free and thickened at the tips; sori borne at the thickened vein tips, marginal, roundish, and distinct or narrowly confluent; indusia formed by the thin reflexed margin of the ultimate seg- ments. 1. Leaf blades with dense, white or brown scales only; rhizomes elongate; plants of Kane and Washington counties C . covillei — Leaf blades with distinct hairs, with scales often present also; rhizomes short and much branched 2 2(1). Leaves densely tomentose, lacking scales, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, ultimate segments oblong-oval to obovate; plants widely distributed C . feei — Leaves with both hairs and scales, the blades lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate; plants of restricted distribution ... .3 3(2). Ultimate segments oblong, distant; plants known from Cache County C . gracillima — Ultimate segments rounded or obovate, approximate; plants of San Juan (?) County C . eatonii Cheilanthes covillei Maxon Coville Lipfern. Loosely or densely tufted ferns 10-30 cm tall; rhizomes short, white- scaly when young, the scales becoming brown in age, each scale with a dark hard stripe; petioles 3-12 cm long, dark brown, scaly; blades 3-4 times pinnate, ovate-lance- olate to lanceolate in outline, 3-12 cm long, 2-6 cm wide, green and glabrous above, densely scaly beneath with whitish to brownish, attenuate, appressed scales; pinnae of 6-15 pairs; ultimate segments very small, rounded to obovate, beadlike, green above, densely scaly beneath. Dry rock crevices in warm desert shrub and pinyon-ju- niper communities at 850 to 1450 m in Kane and Wash- ington counties; Arizona, Nevada, and California; 8 (i). Cheilanthes eatonii Baker Eaton Lipfern. Loosely to densely tufted ferns 8-36 cm tall; rhizomes short, much branched, covered with pale brown scales, these with dark hardened centers; petioles 7-18 cm long, tan to dark purplish brown, villous and scaly with tawny scales; blade 3-4 times pinnate, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate in out- line, 5-20 cm long, 2-5 cm wide, tomentose and rusty- scaly, the scales mostly beneath on the rachis and costa; pinnae 8-20, the lowest ones remote; ultimate segments small, roundish or obovate-spatulate, the margins strongly inrolled and with a pale, scarious edge. Dry rock crevices or on talus in mixed desert shrub communities at 1400 to 1800 m in San Juan (?) County; Texas to Ok- lanoma, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona; (0). The species is included here on the basis of a specimen cited as having been taken in Utah (Intermountain Flora 1: 204. 1972). Cheilanthes feei Moore Fee Lipfern. Tufted ferns 6-15 (30) cm tall; rhizomes short, covered with brown scales, these with dark hard centers; petioles 3-8 cm long, brown to purplish-brown, sparsely hairy, with tawny, spreading pubescence; blade 3-4 times pinnate, ovate- lanceolate to triangular in outline, 3-13 cm long, 1.5-4 cm wide, densely white or brownish tomentose beneath, green or only sparsely long-hairy above; pimiae 6-12 pairs; ultimate segments small, 1-1.5 mm long, rounded, the margins loosely iiuH)lled, the sporangia spread over the entire suHace of the segment; 2n 87. Oevices and talus slopes in sagebrush, pinyon-juniper, mountain brush, ponderosa pine, and Douglas iir connnunities at 1200 to 3000 m in Beaver, Cache, Carbon, Daggett, Emery, Garfield, Grand, Iron, Kane, Millard, Salt Lake, San Juan, Sevier, Uintah, Utah, Washington, and Wayne counties; British Columbia to Illinois, south to California, Te.xas, and Mexico; 100 (ix). Cheilanthes gracillima D. C. Eaton Lacefern. Loosely to densely tufted ferns 10-20 (30) cm tall; rhizomes short, covered with brown scales, these with hard centers; peti- oles 3-12 cm long, dark brown, glabrous to sparsely clothed with scattered long hairs or scales or both; blade mostly 2-3 times pinnate, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate in outline, 4-12 cm long, 1-2 cm wide, green and glabrous above; scaly beneath with long tawny or brown- ish scales, also villous-puberulent as well; pinnae 9-20 on each side, crowded; ultimate segments small, mostly 1-3 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, oblong to obovate, green above, rusty woolly beneath, also sometimes with scat- tered narrow scales, the margins widely recurved. Crevices in mountain brush, aspen, spruce-fir, and alpine tundra communities at 2060 to 3700 m in Cache County; British Columbia to Montana, south to California and Nevada; 2(0). Cryptogramtna R. Br. Small, mesophytic, deciduous or evergreen ferns; rhi- zomes short or somewhat elongate, scaly; leaves dimor- phic, fertile and vegetative, mostly (1)2 or 3 times pinnate or pinnatifid, the veins reaching the margin, at least on vegetative leaves; petiole slender, green, straw colored or purplish black, scaly, with a single vascular bundle; fertile leaves longer than the vegetative ones, with relatively long, narrow pinnules; sori more or less continuous along the margin of pinnules, the margin revolute, forming a false indusium. L Rhizomes short, densely leafy and often clothed with old leaf bases; leaves tufted, evergreen; plants of the Uinta and Wasatch mts. and elsewhere in the high plateaus and mountains of southern Utah C . crispa — Rhizomes elongate, sparsely leafy, lacking persistent leaf bases; leaves deciduous; stipes dark brown; plants of the Wasatch Mts C . stelleri Cryptogramma crispa (L.) R. Br. Parsley-fern; Rock- brake. [Osmtinda crispa L.]. Rhizomes short, compactly branched, clothed with scales, persistent leaf bases, and tufted leaves; vegetative leaves (3) 7-25 cm long, with scaly, straw colored to greenish petioles 1.5-17 cm long and ovate to ovate-lanceolate blades 2-3 times pinnately compoimd, the pinnae commonly 5-11, twice pinnate, the ultimate segments toothed; fertile leaves longer than the vegetative ones, the fertile pinnae about as many as the vegetative, the ultimate segments linear to narrowly oblong; sori more or less continuous, covered by the revolute margin of the ultimate segments; 2n ^ 60. Crevices and talus in ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine, spruce-fir, and alpine timdra at 3200 to .3800 m in Cache, Beaver, Duchesne, Grand, Iron, Piute, Salt Lake, San Juan, Sevier, Summit, Utah, Wasatch, and Wayne coun- ties; Alaska east to the Great Lakes, south to C^alifornia, Mexico, and Nebraska; 28 (ix). Our material belongs to var. acrostichoides (R. Br.) C. B. Clarke \C . acrosti- choidcsW. Br.|. Cryptogramma stelleri (S. Ci. Gmel.) Prantl Slender Cliff-brake. [I'teris stelleri S. C (wnel.]. Rhizomes slen- der, creeping, scaly, with leaves scattered along the length of the rhizome; vegetative leaves 5-15 cm long, with scaly, purplish brown petioles 1-9 cm long and ovate 1987 Welsh et al: A Utah Flora. Polypodiaceae 21 to oblong blades 1 or 2 times pinnate, the pinnae eom- monly 3-5, these usually merely pinnatifid. the ultimate segments erenately toothed; fertile leaves eommonly sur- passing the vegetative ones, mostly 6-19 em long, with petioles 3-9 cm long, these colored much like the vegeta- tive petioles, the ultimate segments lanceolate to lance- linear; sori continous, the rcvolute margin membranous, translucent. Moist shaded outcrops at 2500 to 3500 m in Utah County; Alaska to the Atlantic, south to Washing- ton, Nevada, Colorado, Iowa, and West Virginia; Asia; 8 (0). Cystopteris Bernh. Small to medium, mesophytic. delicate, deciduous ferns; rhizomes short or elongate, scaly; leaves clustered or scattered, all about alike, mostly 2-4 times pinnate or ternate-pinnate or pinnatifid, the veins reaching the mar- gin; petioles slender, scaly, brown to green or straw colored, not jointed, with 2 vascular bundles; sori round, borne along veins on the lower side of the blade; indusium attached under the sorus, the free tip hoodlike, arching over the sorus, often pushed back as the sorus enlarges, soon withering. Blasdell, R. F. 1963. A monographic study of the fern genus Cystopteiis Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 21(4): 1-102, L Leaves .3-40 cm long, ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lance- olate, the lowest pair of pinnae the shortest; plants com- mon and widespread C . fragilis — Leaves 30-80 cm long, lanceolate to triangular-lance- olate, the lowest pinnae pair the longest; plants restricted and uncommon C . bulhifera Cystopteris bulhifera (L.) Bernh. Bulblet Bladder- fern. [Polypodium bulbiferum L.]. Leaves tufted, 30-80 cm long, the blades lanceolate to elongate triangular- lanceolate in outline, tripinnate; pinnae deltoid-lance- olate to oblong-lanceolate; pinnules oblong, broadly de- current, pinnatifid or deeply incised, the segments more or less obtuse and sparingly dentate, minutely glandular on the lower surface; stipe flat in front below, becoming grooved above and with traces of lateral grooves, the rachis and midribs often bearing bulblets on the under- sides; 2n = 42, 84. Crevices and talus slopes up to 3000 m in Salt Lake, San Juan, and Washington counties; Mani- toba to Newfoundland, south to Arizona, New Mexico, Arkansas, and Georgia; 3 (0). Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. Brittle-fern. [Poly- podium fragile L.]. Plants loosely tufted, from short, creeping rhizomes; leaves 3-40 cm long (including stipe), oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate in outline, tripin- nate, thin; stipes brown below, yellowish above, smooth, with a groove in front, except at the base, and with 2 lateral grooves; pinnae ovate to oblong-lanceolate; pin- nules or segments glabrous, oblong, broadly decurrent, confluent above, dentate to incised, the lower ones often pinnatifid, the tips obtuse or a few acute; indusia small, attached to one side and arching back'ward at maturity like a hood, free margin rounded or elongate, erose, soon withering; 2n = 84, 126, 168, 252. Crevices, talus, and in other damp or shady places at 1600 to 4000 m in all Utah counties; Alaska to Newfoundland, south to California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas; 284 (xxi). This is the most widespread and most common fern species in Utah. Dryopteris Adanson Deciduous ferns from thick rhizomes; leaves 2-3 times pinnate; stipes continuous with the rhizome, sheathed basally with large, fimbriate scales, the upper part often scaly and glandular; pinnae mostly lanceolate; pinnules numerous, the veins pinnate and forked; sori roinid in outline, borne on the veins, in 2 rows per pinnule; indu- sium attached at one side as indicated by a deep notch, lunate or horseshoe-shaped, large and conspicuous. Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Male Fern. [Poly- podiuvi Jilix-mas L.]. Leaves 2-10 dm long, tufted, on short, stout, densely scaly rhizomes; stipes coarse, pale or brownish at base, densely scaly with long, thin, brown scales; blades oblong-lanceolate in outline, bipinnate; pinnae numerous, narrowly lanceolate, to 15 cm long and 4 cm wide, the largest near the middle, the ultimate segments oblong, rounded, finely serrate, the rachis and often the lower surface of segments with elongate, hair- like scales; sori round; indusium conspicuous; 2n = 82, 164. Shaded moist sites in mountain brush and ponderosa pine communities at 1350 to 1850 m in Garfield, Salt Lake, Sanpete, and Washington counties; British Colum- bia to Newfoundland, south to California, Texas, Okla- homa, and V'ermont; 29 (i). Notholaena R. Br. Small xeric ferns; rhizomes short, branched, with long, slender, brownish scales; leaves evergreen, firm, 2-5 times pinnate, the ultimate segments quite small, often waxy or woolly, margins slightly recurved or nearly flat, not forming a false indusium over the sporangium; sori submarginal at the ends of veins. Tvron. R. 19.56. A revision of the .\nierican species of Notholaena . Contr. Gray Herb. 179: 1-106. 1. Leaves densely white or brownish tomentose on both surfaces -V . parryi — Leaves glabrous or mealy with a waxy powder, not woolly 2 2(1). Leaves glabrous, green, not conspicuously waxy; seg- ments few and large .V . jonesii — Leaves abundantly mealy beneath, the segments small and numerous 3 3(2). Rachis of leaf straight or nearly so N . limitanea — Rachis of leaf sharply flexuous; plants not definitely known from Utah, but to be expected in San Juan County A' . fendleri Kuntze Notholaena jonesii Maxon Jones Cloak-fern. [Pellaea jonesii (Maxon) Morton]. Leaves tufted from a short, conspicuously scaly rhizome, the scales thin, brown, and long-attenuate; petiole and rachis reddish brown, glabrous; blades oblong-ovate to narrowly triangular, bip- innate or partly tripinnate, 3-10 cm long; pinnae few, 4-10 pairs; ultimate segments small, 1.5-4.5 mm long, broadest near the subtruncate to shallowly cordate base, glabrous; margins often slightly inrolled but not covering the sporangia. Crevices in cresote bush, blackbrush. and other warm desert shrub communities, and in sagebrush and pinyon-juniper communities at 830 to 1200 m in Washington Countv; .Arizona. Nevada, and California; 2 (i). Notholaena limitanea Maxon Border Cloak-fern. [Pel- laea limitanea (Maxon) Morton]. Leaves tufted, from a 22 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 9 short, decumbent woody rhizome 1-4 cm long, conspicu- ously scaly, the scales wholly scarious, pale castaneous, linear-attenuate; petioles purplish black, 4-14 cm long, glabrous; blades 4-5 times pinnate, deltoid-ovate, 5-15 cm long, 4-11 cm wide, the rachis delicate, with the smallest ones almost capillary, purplish black; pinnae 4-13 pairs, ascending to spreading; ultimate segments sessile or nearly so, 2-3 mm long, linear-oblong to ovate- oblong, the lower surface conspicuously white-mealy, the upper glabrous; margins slightly inrollcd but not totally covering the sporangia. Crevices at 1200 to 1450 m in Grand and San Juan Counties; Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and Mexico; 9 (0). NothoUiena parryi D. C. Eaton Parry Cloak -fern. [Cheilanthes parryi (D. C. Eaton) Domin]. Densely tufted, woolly ferns, 8-23 cm tall; rhizomes short, cov- ered with scarious, reddish brown scales with dark hard midstripes; petioles blackish purple, 3-10 cm long, loosely viscid-villous; blades ovate-oblong to oblong- lanceolate in outline, bipinnate to pinnatifid, the pinnae in 5-12 pairs; ultimate segments rounded, often ob- scured by the dense, long, woolly hairs on both sides, but especially so beneath, grayish above, rusty beneath; mar- gins crenate and widely recurved, becoming flattened with age; 2n = 60. Crevices in warm desert shrub at 850 to 1350 m in Washington (type from near St. George) County; Arizona, Nevada, and California; 29 (v). Pellaea Link Small xeric ferns; rhizomes short, branched, with dense, long, narrow, brown scales giving a woolly appear- ance; leaves evergreen, pinnate, firm, the veins free, the surface glabrous or sparsely hairy; petioles green to red- dish brown or blackish purple, slender, wiry, breaking off above ground level, leaving a persistent base; sori mar- ginal, confluent, covered by the reflexed leaf margin, this forming a continuous false indusium. Tryon, A. F 1957. A revision of the fern genus Pellaea , section Pellaea . Ann. Missouri hot. Card. 44: 125-193. 1. Scales of rhizome uniformly colored; petiole and rachis terete or elliptical 2 — Scales of rhizome bicolored, with a hard central stripe; petiole and rachis sulcate, convex, or plane on the upper surface 3 2(1). Rhizomes thick, with numerous, compressed, short, ar- ticulated petiole hases; middle and lower pinnae asym- metrical, mitten-shaped P. breweri — Rhizomes rather stout, with few petioles persisting, these usually not articulated; pinnae seldom mitten- shaped, the lower ones often with I or 2 pairs of pinnules P. g,lahella 3(1). Basal pinnae usually less than twice as long as broad, entire or divided into 3- 1 1 segments; rachis of pinnae to 2 cm long P . ternifolia — Basal pinnae usually more than twice as long as broad, divided into 9-21 segments; rachis of pinnae to 7 cm long P. truncata Pellaea breweri D. C. Eaton Brewer Cliff-brake. Rhi- zome compact, large, with many compressed bases ol articulated petioles; scales of rhizome entangled and mat- ted, uniformly rusty brown, lustrous, acicular, the mar- gins sinuate, the apex attenuate; blades 2.5-21 cm long, curved; petiole and rachis terete, brownish, shining, with prominent lines of articulation; blade 1.5-16 cm long, 0.5-3.5 cm wide, linear-oblong, once pinnate or pinnate- pinnatifid, the upper pinnae entire, sessile, the lower asymetrical, deeply 2-lobed, unilateral or mitten- shaped, 0.5-2.5 cm long, 0.3-1 cm wide, the margin narrow, whitish, crenulate. Rocky hillsides, outcrops, and talus in sagebrush, mountain brush, aspen, pine, and spruce-fir communities at 2500 to 3400 m in Beaver, Box Elder, Cache, Grand, Juab, Millard, Salt Lake, Sevier, Summit, Tooele, Uintah, Utah, Wasatch, and Weber counties; Washington to Montana, south to California and Wyoming; 48 (ii). PeUaea glabella Mett. ex Kuhn Suksdorf Cliff-brake. [P. suksdorfiana Butters]. Rhizome thickish, compact; scales of rhizome usually not matted, uniformly rusty brown, shining, linear, flexuous, attenuate; leaves 1-36 cm long, usually lax; petiole and rachis terete, glabrous or nearly so, brownish black, shining, the lines of articula- tion lacking or nearly so; blades 0. 7-21 cm long, 0.5-8 cm wide, linear or ovate-lanceolate, 1-2 pinnate, usually bluish green, somewhat glaucous, the upper pinnae en- tire or auriculate, sessile or subsessile, the lower pinnae entire, 2- to 5-lobed or pinnate with 3-7 segments, the segments 0.5-3.5 cm long, 0.3-1 cm broad, oblong to linear-ovate. Crevices and hanging gardens at 1200 to 2800 m in Emery, Grand, Kane, Sevier, Uintah, and Washington counties; British Columbia to Colorado, Ari- zona, and New Mexico; 11 (iv). Pellaea ternifolia (Cav.) Link Ternate Cliff-brake. [Pteris ternifolia Cav.]. Rhizome thickish, elongate, de- cumbent; scales of rhizome free, brownish or with tan tips, bicolorous with a narrow sclerotic stripe, subulate, the margins irregularly dentate or erose, the apex attenu- ate, filiform; leaves 4-50 cm long, erect, straight, stiff; petiole and rachis convex or plane to sulcate, rarely terete, glabrous or rarely pubescent, brownish black, becoming black in age, breaking irregularly, without ar- ticulation lines; blade 3-32 cm long, 0.5-6 cm wide, linear, lanceolate, or elongate triangular, 1-2 pinnate, ternate, or with 3-11 segments, the segments 0.5-4 cm long, 0.5-1 cm wide, lanceolate to narrowly oblong, en- tire or ternately divided; n = 58. Crevices in sandstone at ca 1500 m in Washington County (Zion National Park); Arizona to Texas, Mexico, South America, and Hawaii; 4 (i). Specimens examined fall within the limits of this species as outlined in Tryon's (1957) revision. The species is closely allied to P. truncata , but the ternate pinnae are distinctive. Pellaea truncata Goodding Spiny Cliff-brake. [P. longimucronata Hook., nom. illeg. ]. Rhizome thickish, elongate, decumbent; scales of rhizome appressed, brown, bicolorous, with a broad, hard stripe usually broader than the border, subulate, the margin and apex erose-dentate; leaves 12-38 cm long, erect, straight, stiff, alike, the lower pinnae often sterile, the upper ones fertile; petiole and rachis stilcate, glabrous or nearly so, usually glaucous, castaneous, becoming darker with age, the stipe breaking irregularly, without articulation lines; blade 8-22 cm long, 4-12 cm broad, triangular, bipin- nate, rarely tripinnate, grayish green, the segments 0.3- 1.5 cm long, 0. 1-l cm wide, narrowly oblong to oval, entire, nuicronate apically. Crevices in warm desert shrub, oak, pinyon-juniper, and ponderosa pine commu- nities at 980 to 2000 m in Iron, Kane, San Juan, and Washington counties; Arizona, (Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada, and Mexico; 37 (iv). 1987 Welsh et al: A Utah Flora, Polypodiaceae 23 Pityrogramma Link. Mesic to xcric evergreen (or deciduous) ferns; rhizome short, clothed with slender scales; leaves tufted; petiole elongate, slender, dark, shining, the base .scaly, glabrous above, the blades .3- to 5-angled in outline, rather broad, pinnate to ternately pinnately dissected, white or yellow mealy beneath, otherwise glabrous; sori continuous on the veins, from the midvein to the margins; indusium lacking. Pityrogramma triangularis (Kaulf.) Maxon Goldback Fern. [Gymnofiramma triangulare Kaulf. ]. Rhizome short, covered with thick scales with hard midstripc; leaves tufted; petioles brown to purplish brown, 6-2.3 cm long, considerably longer than the blades, these glabrous above, densely white or yellow mealy beneath, 4-10 cm long and about as wide, ternate-pinnately compound; pinnae few, the lowest pair the largest; leaf margins nar- rowly revolute; n = 30, 60. Crevices and in soil on shaded rocky slopes in warm desert shrub and ponderosa pine communities at 117.5 to ISOO m in Washington County; British Columbia south to California and Nevada; 9 (i). Polypodium L. Small to medium ferns from creeping, nodulose, branched, scaly rhizomes; leaves scattered, evergreen, firm, pinnatifid, with toothed or entire segments; veins free; sori round in outline, borne on the veins; indusium wanting. Polypodium hesperium Maxon Western Polypody. Rhizome densely brown scaly; leaves oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate in outline, 8-25 cm long including petioles, these 1-12 cm long, yellowish or green, the base brown; blades 4-18 cm long, 2-5 cm wide, deeply parted or pinnatifid; segments oblong to linear-oblong, the mar- gins serrate to nearly entire; sori midway between the margins of the segments and the midveins; indusium lacking; n = 74. Crevices and other mesic sites in moun- tain brush, ponderosa pine, aspen, and spruce-fir com- munities at 1500 to 3000 m in Salt Lake, Utah, and Washington counties; British Columbia to Montana, south to California, Arizona, New Mexico, and South Dakota; 28 (i). Polystichum Roth Small to medium, mesophytic, evergreen ferns; rhi- zomes short, stout, scaly; petiole shorter than the blade, conspicuously scaly toward the base with brownish, di- morphic scales, some broad and toothed, others narrow and hairlike; blade coarse, pinnate, oblong to lanceolate in outline, scaly on the rachis and costae, the margin often with pungent teeth; sori laminar, round, prominent, borne on the veins in one or more distinct rows on each side of the midvein; indusium attached at the center on a projection and spreading peltately over the sorus, the margin fringed. 1. Pinnae undivided, the base asymmetrical, auricled on the upper side, the margin long-spinulose dentate or serrate P. lonchitis — Pinnae or some of them deeply cleft toward the base ... 2 2(1). Principal pinnae mostly less than 1.5 (1.8) cm long, mostly 1-2 times as long as wide, the spinulose points of the teeth prominent and tending to spread or incurve; plants of Box Elder County P. krukebergii — Principal pinnae mostly more than 1..5 cm long, usually 2-3 times as long as wide, the lobes and teeth mostly ascending or incurved, with tip merely callous-mu- cronate; plants of other distribution P . scopulinum Polystichum krukebergii W. L. Wagner Krukeberg Holly-fern. Leaves 1-4 dm long; petiole scaly at the base, less so above; blade linear-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate in outline; pinnae 20-40 on each side of rachis, often closely crowded, ovate in outline, 0.8-1.5 (1.8) cm long, 0.5-1 cm wide, 1-2 times as long as wide, commonly with 1 or rarely 2 prominent lobes near the base, the margin toothed or shallowly lobed, with spinulose, spreading or widely incurved teeth; sori borne on the middle and upper pinnae; indusium erose-dentate; 2n = 82. Crevices and other mesic sites at ca 2900 m in Box Elder County; British (Columbia to Idaho, south to California; 3 (0). Polystichum lonchitis (L.) Roth Holly-fern. [Poly- podium hmchitis L. ]. Leaves 2-5 dm long; petiole usually rather short or almost none, yellowish green, scaly; blade elliptic-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate in outline; pinnae 25-50 per side of rachis, triangular to oblong-lanceolate, falcate, the larger pinnae usually near or above the middle of the leaf, 1-4.5 cm long, 3-13 mm wide, the margins spinulose serrate, the base auricled on the upper side; lower pinnae gradually reduced in size and more distant, nearly triangular, up to 1.5 cm long and nearly as wide; sori borne on the middle and upper pinnae; indusium erose-dentate; n = 41, 82. Talus and crevices in mountain brush, aspen, and spruce fir communities at 2000 to 3350 m in Cache, Duchesne, Iron, Salt Lake, Sanpete, Tooele, and Utah counties; Alaska to Newfoundland, south to California and New Mexico; 53 (ii). Polystichum scopulinum (D. C. Eaton) Maxon Rock Holly-fern. [Aspidium aculeatum var. scopulinum D. C. Eaton]. Leaves 1-4 dm long; petiole scaly at the base, less so above, or nearly glabrous; blade ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate in outline; pinnae 20-40 per side of rachis, closely crowded, ovate to lanceolate, (0.8) 1.5-3.2 cm long, 0.5-1 cm wide, 2-3 times as long as wide, usually with 2 or rarely 3 prominent basal lobes, the margin toothed or shallowly lobed, the lobes or teeth sharply crenate-serrate with ascending or incurved cal- lous-mucronate tips; sori borne mostly on the middle and upper pinnae; indusium erose-dentate. Crevices and rocky hillsides at 1950 to .3.500 m in Millard, Salt Lake, and Washington counties; Washington to Quebec, south to California and Arizona; 11 (0). Pteridium Scop. Medium-sized to rather large mesophytic ferns; rhi- zomes hairy, deep-seated, elongate, branching, often forming large colonies; leaves deciduous, scattered; peti- ole coarse, erect and stemlike; blade firm, spreading, three times pinnately or ternately-pinnately compound, the ultimate segments numerous, crowded, sessile and often confluent; sori confluent, protected by the narrowly inroUed indusial leal margin, and a delicate inner hyaline indusium. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Bracken Fern. [Pteris aquilina L.]. Clone-forming ferns from hairy rhizomes lacking scales; leaves scattered, 6-8 (20) dm long includ- ing petiole; petiole shorter than the blades, coarse, green or yellowish; blades firm, broadly triangular in outline, 2-12 dm long, glabrous to short-hairy above, variously 24 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 9 long hairy beneath, 2-3 times pinnate, the ultimate seg- ments oblong and entire to toothed or lobed, widely spreading; sori developed along the leaf margins, conflu- ent, protected by the narrowly recurved leaf margin and by a delicate, concealed, inner indusium; n = 52. In moist or dry wooded areas or clearings or on open slopes in oak-mountain brush, sagebrush, pine, aspen and spruce- fir communities at 1700 to 2850 m in Cache, Grand, Juab, Kane, Rich, San Juan, Sanpete, Uintah, Utah, Wasatch, Washington and Weber counties; cosmopolitan; 64 (vii). Our material belongs to the western var. pubescens Un- derw. Woodsia R. Br. Small to medium-sized ferns; rhizomes short and thick, covered with brown scales; leaves 2-3 times pinnate, oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate in outline; pinnae pin- nately divided, triangular to oblong; pinnules crenate or dentate, the margins flat or recurved; sori round, borne on the veins of the pinnules; indusium arising from below the sorus and splitting at maturity into slender segments which become inconspicuous in age. 1. Leaves glabrous, or merely glandular W . oregana — Leaves glandular and with glandless septate hairs, at least on the lower surface W. scoptilina Woodsia oregana D. C. Eaton Oregon Woodsia. Leaves tufted, several to numerous, glabrous to glandular but without non-glandular hairs, 7-25 cm long including the petioles; petioles 2-10 cm long, dark reddish brown near the base, hghter above, the blade 4-15 cm long, 1-4.5 cm wide; pinnae ovate-oblong or triangular, pin- natifid, obtuse apically; pinnules crenate, often lobed or cleft near the base, the margins slightly recurved; indu- sium platelike, with slender hairlike segments that ap- pear beaded, mostly hidden below the sorus. In moist cliff^s or dry shaded places or talus slopes with sagebrush, pinyon-juniper, mountain brush, ponderosa pine and white fir communities at 1850 to 3200 m in Beaver, Box Elder, Cache, Daggett, Emery, Grand, Juab, Kane, Mil- lard, Salt Lake, San Juan, Tooele, and Washington coun- ties; Quebec to British Columbia, south to California, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Wisconsin, and Vermont; 56 (vii). Woodsia scopulina D. C. Eaton. Rocky Mountain Woodsia. Tufted, rather similar in appearance to W. oregana, leaves several to numerous, glandular and with longer septate non-glandular hairs, 8-35 cm long includ- ing the petiole; petiole dark brown at the base, lighter above and hairy; the blade 5-22 cm long, 1-7 cm wide; pinnae narrow, oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid, acute, glandular hairy on the lower surface; pinnules oblong, crenate-serrate to lobed, obtuse, the base broadly decur- rent, not at all or only slightly contracted; indusia splitting into narrow, beaded hairlike segments at maturity. Rocky ledges, crevices, and talus slopes with mountain brush, aspen, spruce-iir, and alpine tundra communities at 27(K) to 38(K) m in Beaver, (Jache, Duchesne, (Jarlield, Salt Lake, San Juan, Sevier, Summit, Uintah, Utah, and Wayne counties; Alaska to Quebec, south to C^alifornia, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and North Carolina; 34 (i). SALVINIACEAE Reichb. Waterfern Family Plants small aquatic free-floating or growing on mud; rhizome branched, with simple roots; leaves 2-ranked or in whorls, opposite or alternate, simple or lobed; sporo- carps soft, thin-walled, borne singly or 2 or more on a common stalk at the base of the leaves, 1-loculed, each containing a central often branched receptacle bearing microsprangia or megasporangia. AzoUa Lam. Small plants with pinnately branched reddish or green free-floating stems covered with minute imbricate 2-lobed leaves and producing rootlets beneath; sporo- carps borne in pairs beneath the stem, dimorphic, the small ones ovoid and bearing 1 megaspore, the larger globose and containing numerous microspores. Azolla mexicana Presl Waterfern; Mosquitofern. Plants forming floating mats to 2 cm across; leaves crowded, the upper lobe commonly less than 1 mm long, tinged with purple, papillose, with narrow hyaline cellu- lar-papillose margins; microsporocarps slightly more than 1 mm thick; glochidia with scattered septae; megaspores 0.25-0.3 mm long, the rounded part minutely pitted. Floating on the surface of lakes and ponds or sloughs and ditches at 1480 to 2050 m in Cache, Salt Lake, and Utah counties; British Columbia to Wisconsin, south to north- ern South America; 6 (0). DIVISION PINOPHYTA Gymnosperms Shrubs or trees with alternation of generations, the gametophyte generation greatly reduced (micro- and megagametophytes, equivalent to pollen and embryo sac respectively); sporophytes with roots, stems, and leaves; leaves needle- or scalelike or broad, spirally arranged, whorled, or opposite; microsporophylls aggregated on an axis, forming a soft strobilus (the male cone); megasporo- phylls solitary, paired, or aggregated into compound woody (or fleshy) strobili (female or ovulate cones); ovules typically paired (1 to many) on the surface of a scale, the micropyle exposed during pollination; seeds typically large, and oiten winged. Key to the families. L Steins jointed; leaves scalclike, typically brownish or blackish, opposite or in whorls of 3; branches green and photosynthetic Ephedraceae. p. 28 — Stems not jointed; leaves various, needle or sealelike, or broad but, if scalelike, closely overlapping, typically green; branches not green 2 2(1). Leaves broad, fan-shaped, dichotomously veined, de- ciduous; cones drupelike, covered with an aril Cinkgoaceae, p. 29 — Leaves needlelike, linear, or sealelike, .solitary or in fascicles, persistent or deciduous; cones usually not pro- vided with an aril 3 3(2) Leaves alternate or subopposite, arranged in 2 ranks; plants shrubs or small tre<'s, evergreen; cones with a brightly colored aril Taxaceae, p. ,34 1987 Welsh et aL: A Utah Flora, Salviniaceae, Cupressaceae 25 — Leaves opposite, whorled, or spirally arranged (if alter- nate, as in Taxodiuin, not evergreen and cones not arilate), sometimes 2-ranked; plants shrubs or trees, evergreen or deciduous; cones not with a brightly col- ored aril 4 4(3). Leaves scalelike or awl shaped; female cones mainly 5-25 mm long, globose or oblong, the scales few and decussate (fleshy in Junipertts) Cupressaceae, p. 25 — Leaves needlelike, linear, oblong, or less commonly scalelike or awl shaped; female cones typically more than 25 mm long or the scales peltate 5 5(4). Leaves apparently 2-ranked (actually spirally arranged) and flattened, deciduous with the branchlets, or scale- or awllike and persistent Taxodiaceae, p. .34 — Leaves spirally arranged or fascicled and evidently op- posite or whorled, persistent or, if .scalelike, papery . . Pinaceae, p. 29 CUPRESSACEAE Bartling Cypress Family Monoecious trees or shrubs; leaves evergreen, oppo- site or whorled, scalehke or awl-shaped and needleUke; staminate cones small, terminal or axillary, the mi- crosporophylls decussate; ovulate cones terminal and commonly with 2-12 opposite or whorled scales, each bearing 1 to several ovules, dry or fleshy at maturity; .x = 11, 12. L Branchlets not arranged in flat sprays, the twigs extend- ing more or less in all directions; plants indigenous and cultivated 2 — Branchlets arranged in flat sprays, the twigs more or less in a single plane; plants all cultivated 3 2(1). Cones mostly 15 mm thick or more, dry at maturity, the scales woody and finally separating; seeds numerous under each scale; plants cultivated and long-persisting Cupressus — Cones berrylike, the scales fleshy at maturity (drying later), not opening; seed 1 or few; plants indigenous or cultivated Junipertts 3(1). Cones subglobose, the scales shield-shaped; seeds few under each scale Chamaecyparis — Cones oblong, the scales imbricated or valvate; seeds 2 per scale 4 4(3). Bark of trunk exfoliating in plates; cone scales 4 or 6; leaves appearing in whorls of 4 Calocedrtis — Bark of trunk shredded, not exfoliating in plates; cone scales 8 or more (rarely 6); leaves obviously paired . Thuja Calocedrus Kurz Monoecious aromatic trees; bark scaly, exfoliating in plates; branchlets compressed, forming flat sprays; leaves scalelike, imbricate, 4-ranked, decurrent at the base, dimorphic, the upper and lower ones flattened or rounded, the lateral ones folded; staminate cones cylin- droid; ovulate cones cylindroid, with usually 3 pairs of scales, the middle ones fertile and each with 2 ovules, maturing in one season; seeds winged. Florin, R. 1956. Nomenclatural notes on genera of living g\mnosperms. Taxon 5: 191-192. Li, Hui-Lin. 1953. A reclassification of Libocedrus and Cupressaceae. J. Arnold Arbor. 34; 17-36. Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin Incense Cedar. [Libocedrus decurrens Torr. ; Heyderia decurrens (Torr.) K. Koch; Thuja decurrens (Torr.) Voss]. Trees, mainly 5-15 m tall, the trunk to 5 dm thick or more; bark scaly, the exfoliating surlacc reddish to brownish, finally fur- rowed; leaves appearing to be in whorls of 4, the tips incurved, 4-6 nun long, greenish to yellowish; staminate cones 4-7 mm long, yellow; ovulate cones 15-25 mm long, cylindroid, reddish brown, pendulous, the .scales mucronate; seeds typically 4, 8-10 mm long, the longest wing sube(}ual to the scale. Uncommonly grown orna- mental and specimen tree in lower elevation portions of Utah; Oregon, California, and Nevada; 7 (0). Chamaecyparis Spach Monoecious fragrant trees with opposite decussate scalelike leaves, the lateral ones folded, the upper and lower ones flattened or rounded; branchlets arranged in more or less flattened sprays; staminate cones ellipsoid to ovoid; ovulate cones subglobose, with 3-6 pairs of peltate scales, each bearing 2-5 ovules; cones dehiscent, woody to leathery, dark to gray brown, glaucous. Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (Murray) Pari. Port Or- ford Cedar. [Cupressus lawsoniana Murray]. Trees, mainly 5-15 m tall, with base enlarged and the crown spirelike; branchlets horizontal or pendulous, bearing slender flattened branchlets; bark smooth on young trees, finally thick and divided into broad rounded ridges; leaves green above, glaucous below, mainly 1-1.5 mm long (to 6 mm long on vigorous shoots); male cones oblong, reddish; female cones globose, ca 8 mm thick, reddish brown, more or less glaucous, the scales each with an apical conical projection; seeds ovoid, slightly flattened, 3-4 mm long, narrowly wing-margined; n = 11. Uncommonly grown ornamental and specimen tree in lower elevation portions of Utah; Oregon and California; 7 (0). The closely related C. nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach is reported to be grown in Utah also. It differs in having branchlets .scarcely flattened and leaves not or obscurely glandular dorsally. Cupressus L. Monoecious fragrant resinous evergreen trees; buds naked; branchlets slender, 4-angled; bark finally scaly; leaves opposite, small, trimorphic — linear and prickly, scalelike, or elongate (on juvenile shoots); male cones 4-sided to subcylindrical, with 5-10 pairs of opposite scales; ovulate cones subglobose, maturing in 2 years, with thickened peltate scales; seeds many on the fertile scales, narrowly winged. Cupressus arizonica Greene Arizona Cypress. Spread- ing to columnar trees, mainly 5-15 m tall; trunk mainly 1-5 dm thick; twigs stout, 4-angled, 1.5-2 mm thick, branching at nearly right angles; bark finally scaly or even furrowed, usually grayish; leaves scalelike, triangular- ovate, sharply pointed, blue green, commonly glaucous, ca 2 mm long; cones globose, 15-25 mm thick, short- stalked, hard and woody, gray to purplish, often glaucous, with 6-8 flattened scales bearing a hard point in the center, remaining attached for several years, finally open- ing; seeds ca 2 mm long, purplish brown. Rather com- monly grown ornamental in Utah (Sanpete, Utah, and Washington counties); Texas to Arizona and Mexico; 11 (ii). The Arizona cypress persists following introduction. 26 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 9 often in apparently inhospitable habitats such as at Castle Cliffs in VVashington County. The trees grow rapidly from seed, reaching fence-post size in only a few years. Juniperus L. Shrubs or trees with opposite or whorled scalelike or awl-shaped leaves; branchlets subterete or angular, not in flattened sprays; staminate cones subcylindrical to sub- globose; ovulate cones subglobose, with mostly 3-8 op- posite or whorled scales, becoming fleshy and berrylike at maturity. 1. Plants spreading to prostrate shrubs 2 — Plants erect or ascending trees or shrubs 5 2(1). Leaves needielike or awl-shaped, jointed to the twig, in whorls of .3; plants indigenous or cultivated / . communis — Leaves scalelike or, if needlelike, decurrent on the twig, opposite or in whorls of 3; plants cultivated 3 3(2). Shrubs spreading, open, to 2 m high or more; main branches ascending, the secondary ones spreading to ascending / . chinensis — Shrubs low, compact, often less than 6 dm high; main branches prostrate to ascending, the secondary branchlets often strongly ascending 4 4(3). Leaves dark green, obtuse or acutish, with a strong disagreeable odor when bruised / . sahina — Leaves bluish green to steel blue (often pinkish in winter), acute or cuspidate, the odor not especially disagreeable v/hen bruised / . horizontalis 5(1). Leaves needlelike, jointed at the base, the upper sur- face with a white band 6 — Leaves mostly scalelike, decurrent at the base, not jointed, the upper surface usually lacking a white band . . 7 6(5). Leaves concave above, rounded or slightly keeled be- low; plants trees or spreading shrubs, usually without pendulous branches /. communis — Leaves narrowly grooved above, conspicuously keeled below; trees with pendulous branches ] . rigida 7(5). Branchlets usually coarse, mostly 1-2 mm thick; leaf margins typically denticulate 8 — Branchlets slender, mainly less than 1 mm thick; leaf margins entire 9 8(7). Scalelike leaves with a conspicuous resin gland on the back; ovulate cones juicy, dark blue to blackish at maturity; plants rare in Utah / . monospenna — Scalelike leaves not with a conspicuous resin gland on the back; ovulate cones not juicy, becoming fibrous, and usually brownish to purplish when mature; plants common and widespread } . osteospenmt 9(7). Scalelike leaves obtuse; needlelike leaves usually in whorls of 3; plants cultivated J . chinensis — Scalelike leaves acute; needlelike leaves usually oppo- site 10 10(9). Mature scale leaves overlapping those directly above; cones ripening the first season, sweet and juicy; plants introduced ] ■ virginianii — Mature scale leaves rarely overlapping those directly above, or only slightly so; cones ripening the second season, fibrous and of poor flavor, plants indigenous or cultivated / . scopuloruni Juniperus chinensis L. CMiincse Juniper; Pfltzer Ju- niper. Spreading shrubs to columnar trees, mainly 1-10 m tall, with trunks several or solitary; needlelike leaves usually in 3's, the scalelike ones opposite, decurrent on the twig; ovulate cones mostly 5—7 mm in diameter, finally brown to brownish purple, commonly glaucous, maturing in 2 years, usually 2- or 3-seeded; 2n = 22, 44. Commonly grown ornamentals in much of Utah; intro- duced from eastern Asia; 19 (0). More than 50 cultivars are known for this species, and many of them are grown in Utah. The maze of horticultural forms is difficult to inter- pret. The commonly grown Pfitzer juniper becomes mas- sive, and is ill-suited for most plantings around homes. It is less commonly grown than formerly. Juniperus communis L. Common Juniper, [f . sibirica Burgsd.;/. communis var. sibirica (Burgsd.) Rydb.;/. coiimiunis var. montana Ait., sensu authors]. Spreading shrubs to columnar trees, mainly 0.3-6 m tall, with trunks several or solitary; leaves jointed to the stem, mostly in whorls of 3, awl-shaped, 3-10 (15) mm long, spinulose-tipped, usually marked with a white band on the upper surface, dark green on the lower surface; cones maturing the second season, green, ripening bluish black, 5-10 mm thick, usually 1-seeded; seeds 4-5 mm long; 2n = 22, 44. Aspen, spruce-fir, and less commonly other plant communities, at 1615 to 3375 m in all Utah counties, except Davis and Rich; Alaska and Yukon, east to the Atlantic, south to California, New Mexico, and Georgia; circumboreal; 78 (xv). The species is repre- sented by indigenous spreading shrubs and by erect or spreading cultivated, mostly Old World, selections. In- digenous plants belong to var. depressa Pursh. The status of the cultivated material has not been determined. Juniperus horizontalis Moench Creeping Juniper. Stems commonly decumbent to procumbent or prostrate, mostly 0.5-1.5 m long; leaves decurrent, opposite, scale- like or awl-shaped, 1-4 (6) mm long, acute to spinulose- tipped, lacking a white band on the upper surface; cones maturing the first season, green, ripening blue purple or blue black, glaucous, 5-10 mm thick, mostly 3- to 5-seeded. Cultivated ground cover and ornamental, gen- erally grown in planting strips along curbs and sidewalks, in much of Utah; Alaska and Yukon, east to the Atlantic, south to British Columbia, Colorado, Nebraska, Illinois, and New York; 8 (0). Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg. One-seed Ju- niper. U . occidentalisvar. mom)spenna Engelm.;/. mex- icana var. monosperma (Engelm.) Cory]. Shrubs or small trees, typically with several branches from the ground, mainly 2-4 m tall; bark thin, fibrous and ultimately shred- ded; branchlets stout, ca 2 mm thick; leaves typically opposite, sometimes in 3's, the scalelike ones 1-3 mm long, yellowish green, the tips often spreading, denticu- late marginally, typically with a resin gland on the dorsal side; juvenile leaves awl-shaped, sharp, to 5 nun long, decurrent; staminate cones yellowish brown, 3-4 mm long; ovulate cones subglobose, 4-7 mm thick, dark blue to blue purple at maturity, glaucous, succulent but oi bad flavor when fresh; seeds 1 (or 2) per cone. Pinyon-juniper and mixed grass-shrub conununities at ca 17.50 m in Kane (?), San Juan (?), and Wiishingtou (?) counties; Arizona to Oklahoma and Texiis, south to Mexico; 1 (0). All identifi- cations of this species for lUah are tentative, and probably they ari' b;ised on e(iui\()cal specimens o\J . ostcospcrma . Juniperus osteospenmi (Torr.) Little I'tah Juniper; Utah (,'edar. \J . tctrofiona var. ostcospcrma Torr.;_/. californica var. utahcnsis Vasey, type from the Little 1987 Welsh etal.: A Utah Flora, Cupressaceae 27 Wasatch Mts.; J . californica var. utahensi.s Engelm., type from near St. George;/, occidentalis var. utahensis (Engelm.) Veitch; /. utahensis (Englem.) Lemmon]. Shrubs or small trees, with single stem or several branches from the ground, mainly 2-4 m tall; bark thin, fibrous and ultimately shredded; branchlets stout, ca 2 mm thick; leaves typically opposite, sometimes in 3's, the scalelike ones (0.5) 1-3 mm long, yellowish green, dentic- ulate on the margins, the dorsal resin gland not usually apparent; juvenile leaves awl-shaped, sharp, 2-8 mm long, decurrent; staminate cones yellowish brown, 3-4 mm long; ovulate cones subglobose, 6-12 mm thick or more, brownish or blue to blue purple at maturity, glau- cous, succulent but of bad flavor when fresh; seeds 1 (or 2) per cone. Riparian, ir.i.xcd warm and cool desert shrub, sagebrush, mountain brush, juniper, pinyon-juniper, ponderosa pine, and aspen communities at 850 to 2440 m in all Utah counties; Montana and Wyoming south to California, Arizona, and New Mexico; 134 (xxiii). This is the other of the pair of pinyon-juniper or juniper-pinyon components of a vast woodland typically placed between the lower elevation, more xeric, cool desert shrub, domi- nated by sagebrush, and the higher elevation, more mesic, mountain brush or ponderosa pine communities. Juniper is the more xeric of the duo, often serving as nurse trees for pinyon in well developed forests. Pinyon tends to increase proportionally to juniper at higher elevations, and finally is the main component. Trees of both species occur often along drainages and on dune sands below their usual elevational ranges. Utah juniper increases under grazing, and has spread from the thin substrates of ridges and mountain slopes into deeper valley soils. Reclamation attempts to restore the balance has been successful only in part, with reestablishment of juniper taking only a few years in many instances. Devastation of juniper and pinyon on thin substrates, where it is not serai, seems not to have been a reasonable reclamation option. Utah juniper has been exploited for "cedar" posts and firewood. Juniperus rigida Sieb. &Zucc. Needle Juniper. Trees, mainly 3-8 m tall, the crown pyramidal, with drooping branchlets; leaves all needlelike, linear, 8-24 mm long, sharply pointed, green, with a broad white band above; staminate cones yellowish, 2-4 mm long; ovulate cones brown to black, glaucous, 6-8 mm thick, 1-seeded (?); 2n = 22. Sparingly grown ornamental of much beauty, planted in lower elevation portions of the state; intro- duced from eastern Asia; 2 (0). This species should be more widely grown. Juniperus sabina L. Savin. Shrubs, typically with widely spreading decumbent to procumbent or ascending branches, and ascending branchlets; branchlets ca 1 mm thick; leaflets needlelike and spreading or scalelike and overlapping; staminate cones yellowish, 2-4 mm long; ovulate cones brownish blue, glaucous, mainly 6-8 mm thick, usually 2-seeded. Widely and commonly grown ornamental and ground cover, especially in planting strips, over much of lower elevation portions of Utah; introduced from Eurasia; 4 (0). The cultivar "tamaricifo- lia," which has leaves usually all needlclike, is the com- monly grown phase in Utah. Juniperus scopulorum Sarg. Rocky Mountain Juniper. [/. virginiana var. scopulorum (Sarg.) Lemmon; y. vir- giniana var. montana Vasey, type from Wasatch Mts.]. Trees, typically 3-6 m tall, with a conical to pyramidal or less commonly rounded crown; bark thin, ultimately fi- brous and shredded, or less commonly fissured and breaking into platy scales; branchlets ca 1 mm thick or less; leaves typically opposite, sometimes in 3's, the scale- like leaves 0.5-3 (4) mm long, green or blue green, sometimes with an apparent dorsal resin gland; juvenile leaves needlelike, 3-8 mm long; staminate cones 2-3 mm long, brownish; ovulate cones subglobose, mainly 4-6 mm thick, becoming bluish to purplish at maturity, glau- cous, maturing in 2 years, succulent but of bad flavor; seeds typically 2; 2n = 22. Pinyon-juniper, mountain brush, ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, white fir, and aspen communities at 1525 to 2830 m in all Utah counties; British Columbia to the Dakotas, south to Nevada, Ari- zona, New Mexico, and Texas; 116 (xii). Plants of this species are typically montane, but often occur below their usual elevational range in moist valley bottoms where cold air drainage simulates environmental conditions of the mountains. The wood is of excellent quality and has been used for "cedar " chests and fence posts. The heart- wood is red and highly aromatic. The famous Jardine juniper in Logan Canyon, aged at 3600 years, belongs to this species. Horticultural selections are available com- mercially, and the species is commonly grown in Utah. Juniperus virginiana L. V irginia Juniper; Red Cedar. Trees, typically 3-6 m tall, with a conical to pyramidal or rounded crown; bark thin, ultimately fibrous and shred- ded; branchlets ca 1 mm thick or less; leaves typically opposite, sometimes in 3's, the scalelike leaves 0.5-2 (3) mm long, green or blue green; juvenile leaves needlelike, 2-5 mm long; staminate cones mainly 2-3 mm long, yellowish or brownish; ovulate cones subglobose, 5-6 mm thick, becoming blue black at maturity, maturing in one season, succulent and sweet; seeds 1 or 2; 2n = 22. Commonly grown ornamental in much of Utah; north- eastern U. S., south to Florida and west to Missouri and Texas; 8 (0). This species is difficult to distinguish from the indigenous, and less commonly cultivated, /. scopulo- rum. It differs in minor, but apparently significant ways, as outlined in the key. Cedar chests and other insect resistant drawers and closets are typically lined with the red heartwood of this species, and the ovulate cones (berries) are used to flavor certain alcoholic beverages. Thuja L. Trees or shrubs with opposite decussate scalelike leaves, the lateral leaves folded, the upper and lower rounded or flattened; branchlets arranged in distinctive flattened sprays; staminate cones subglobose; ovulate cones erect or reflexed, oblong-ellipsoid, with 4-6 pairs of laterally attached scales, the middle scales each bearing 2 or 3 ovules; cones dehiscent, woody or fleshy, green or turning tan or brownish at maturity. 1. Branchlets typically in vertical sprays; cone scales fleshy, strongly curved, greenish or yellowish at maturity r. orientalis — Branchlets tvpically in horizontal or at least not vertical sprays; cone scales not fleshy, brown at maturity T. occidentalis Thuja occidentalis L. American Arborvitae; White Cedar. Trees (sometimes shrubby) mainly 2-6 m tall; branchlets arranged into flattened sprays, these variously disposed; leaves dark green above, yellov^dsh green be- 28 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 9 neath, glandular; ovulate cones 10-12 mm long, with 4 or 5 pairs of scales, narrowly ovoid-ellipsoid, finally cylin- droid and brown at maturity. Commonly grown ornmen- tal trees or shrublike trees in much of lower elevation Utah (Cache, Uintah, Utah, and Washington counties); introduced from the eastern U. S. and Canada; 20 (0). The western red cedar, T . plicata Donn ex G. Don, might also occur in cultivation in Utah. It differs from T . occidentalis in the more regularly arranged sprays, glossy green above and with definite whitish marks beneath. Thuja orientalis L. Oriental Arborvitae. [Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco]. Mainly shrubby small trees, 1-3 m tall; branchlets arranged into flattened sprays, these typically vertically disposed; leaves bright green to yel- lowish green, glandular; ovulate cones mainly 15-20 mm long, fleshy, green, and greenish to yellowish at maturity, ovoid. Commonly cultivated ornamentals in much of lower elevation regions of Utah (Cache, Davis, Sanpete, and Utah counties); introduced from China and Korea; 8 (0). Several horticultural phases are planted. EPHEDRACEAE Dumort. Ephedra Family Dioecous shrubs; branches green to olive green, oppo- site or whorled, striate; leaves scalelike, opposite or whorled, more or less connate; male cones compound, borne at the nodes or terminal, with 2-8 microsporo- phylls, these free or with stalks united, with a caly.xlike involucre surrounding the stalks; female cones solitary or whorled, sessile or peduncled, subtended by firm or scarious bracts; seeds 1-3, hard, somewhat angled to almost terete. Ephedra L. The stems simulate those of an Equisetum, especially in being green and striate; the differences are obvious, how- ever. Cutler, H. C. 1939. Monograph of the North American species of the genus Ephedra. Ann. Missouri Bot. Card. 26:373-428. Benson, L. 1943. Revision of the status of southwestern trees and shrubs. I. Ephedra. Amer. J Bot. .30: 230-233. I . Leaves and bracts .3 per node; branches whorled; bracts of female cone scales clawed, 6-10 mm wide, .scarious £ . torreyana — Leaves and bracts 2 per node; branches initially oppo- site; bracts of female cone .scales not clawed, 3-5 mm wide, only the margins scarious 2 2(1). Seeds usually solitary, grayish to pale brown, vertically wrinkled; plants of Washington C^ounty . . . E . fasciculata — Seeds usually 2, dark brown to almost black, smooth ... .5 3(2). Leaf bases gray, deciduous; branchlets gray green, glau- cous, divergent E . nevadcnsis — Leaf bases brown, persistent; branches green or yellow- ish green, erect, broomlike E . viridis Ephedra fasciculata A. Nels. Mohave Ephedra. Low often prostrate shrubs 3-10 dm tall; branches flexible to somewhat rigid, terete, pale green, smooth to somewhat roughened, becoming yellowish in age; leaves opposite, 1-3 mm long, with a hyaline somewhat persistent white sheath, the remainder deciduous; male cones 2 to several, obovoid, 4-8 mm long, sessile, with 4-8 pairs of obovate bracts 2-3 mm long, membranous, pale yellow; female cones sessile, ellipsoidal, 6-13 mm long, with 4-7 whorls of elliptic bracts 3-7 mm long, the margins hyaline, the remainder pale brown to green; seeds usually solitary, longitudinally furrowed, pale brown, 5-12 mm long. Dry wash bottoms and rocky slopes in creosote bush, black- brush, and desert almond communities at 800 to 1100 m in Washington Countv; Arizona, Nevada, and California; 9(ii). Ephedra nevadensis Wats. Nevada Ephedra. Erect shrubs, mainly 3-15 dm tall (or more); branches pale green, glaucous, almost smooth, the older ones grayish, widely divergent; leaves paired, 2-5 mm long, thickened medially on the dorsal side, soon deciduous, leaving gray bases; male cones 1 to several, ellipsoid, 4-8 mm long, sessile or short-pedunculate, with 5-9 pairs of membra- nous obovate bracts 3-4 mm long; female cones peduncu- late, roundish, 5-11 mm long, with 3-5 pairs of ovate bracts 4-8 mm long, pale brown to yellowish green; seeds paired, smooth, brown, 4-9 mm long. Creosote bush, blackbrush, mixed desert shrub, sagebrush, pinyon- juniper, and rabbitbrush communities at 850 to 2150 m in Beaver, Box Elder, Carbon, Daggett, Duchesne, Emery, Juab, Millard, Piute, Sanpete, Sevier, Uintah, and Wash- ington counties; Arizona to Oregon and California; 51 (ii). This plant is consistently hedged back by sheep, to whom it is a valuable sourse of browse. Ephedra torreyana Wats. Torrey Ephedra. Erect shrubs, 2-10 dm tall (rarely more); branches blue green to olive green, sometimes glaucous, appearing smooth but with many small longitudinal furrows, rigid, terete, to 3.5 mm thick, solitary or whorled at the nodes; leaves ternate or whorled, 2-5 mm long, dorsimedially thick- ened, connate for nearly 2/3 their length, at maturity the lobes spreading or recurved, somewhat persistent; male cones solitary to several in a whorl, ovate, sessile, 6-8 mm long; bracts ternate in 5-6 whorls, obovate, clawed, scarious except in the center and at the base; female cones solitary to several at the nodes, ovoid, 9-13 mm long, sessile, the bracts in 3's in whorls of 5 or 6, obovate, clawed, 6-9 mm long, scarious, the margins minutely toothed and undulate; seeds solitary or 2, pale brown to yellow green, scabrous, 7-10 mm long. Dry sandy or rocky hillsides in creosote bush, blackbrush, salt desert shrub, mountain brush, and pinyon-juniper communities at 8.50 to 2330 m in Duchesne, Emery, Garfield, Grand, Kane, San Juan, Uintah, Washington, and Wayne coun- ties; Texas to Arizona, Nevada, and Colorado; 119 (vii). This plant is eaten by livestock, especially by sheep. Ephedra viridis Gov. Green Ephedra; Mormon Tea; Brigham Tea. Shrubs 1-15 dm tall, sprciiding to erect; branches rigid to flexible, bright green to yellow green or less commonly olive to gray green, initialK' opposite, in some finally falsely whorled, typically fasfigiatc and brooinlike; leaves opposite, 1.5-4 mm long, thickcni'd dorsimedially, deciduous and leaving a thickened persistent brown base; male cones 2 or more, obovoid, sessile, 5-7 mm long, the bracts opposite, 2-4 mm long, membranous, pale yellow, ovate; female cones obovoid, 6- 10 nun long, sessile or pedun- culate, with 4-8 pairs of ovate bracts 4-7 nun long; seeds paired, brown, trigonal, smooth, 5-8 mm long. L Female cones sessile or nearly so; stems not viscid £ . viridis var. viridi.'i — Female cones pedunculate; stems often viscid £ . viridis var. viscida 1987 Welsh etal: A Utah Flora, Ginkcoaceae, Pinaceae 29 Var. viridis Blackbriish, salt desert shrul), sagi'hnisli, mountain brush, pinyon-juniper, rahhithrush, and mountain brush communities at 900 to 2950 m in Beaver, Carbon, Daggett, Duchesne, Emery, (iarfield. Grand, Juab, Kane, Millard, San Juan, Sanpete, Sevier, Tooele, Uintah, Utah, Washington, and Wayne counties; Wyo- ming to Colorado, Arizona, Nevada, Oregon, and Califor- nia; 150 (iv). This is the source of Mormon tea (also known by myriad other names), a yellowish drink made by steep- ing the branchlets in hot water. The plant is not so severely hedged by browsing animals as some of the other species, but is still of considerable importance. Var. viscida (Cutler) L. Benson [E . cortji var. viscida Cutler; E. cutleri Peebles). Mostly in .sandy areas with blackbrush, mixed desert shrub, mi,xed grass, rabbit- brush, and pinyon-juniper communities at 900 to 1950 m in Emery, Garfield, Grand, Kane, San Juan, Uintah, Washington, and Wayne counties; Colorado, New Mex- ico, and Arizona; 40 (iii). In contemporary floras this plant has been regarded at specific rank as E. cutleri. How- ever, the length of the stalks of the ovulate cones and the viscid condition of the stems forms a continuum with E. viridis in a strict sense, especially where the two grow together. This is the phase of the species that forms stands in extensive sandy grasslands in southeastern Utah, often with only the tips of the stems protruding, almost grasslike, from the sand. Much of the plant is buried within the sandy substrate, which it helps to stabilize. GINKGOACEAE Engler in Engler & Prantl Ginkgo Family Dioecious, deciduous, resinous trees; leaves alternate or clustered on spur shoots, fan-shaped, bilobed, dichoto- mously veined, petiolate; cones on spur shoots in leaf or bract axils; male cones catkinlike; female cones typically of 2 ovules, on a long peduncle, with usually only one maturing; seeds with a fleshy aril, plumlike; x = 12. Ginkgo biloba L. Maidenhair Tree; Ginkgo. Trees to 20 m tall or more, the trunk to 1 m thick; bark deeply furrowed and gray in age, pale when young and smooth- ish; leaf blades mainly 2-6 cm long and 2-8 cm wide or more; cones 2-3 cm long, 1.5-2 cm thick, green and glaucous, long-pecuncled, ripening and finally fetid; 2n = 24. Commonly grown specimen tree, especially on insti- tutional grounds, in much of Utah; introduced from China; 6 (0). The plant has been cultivated for millenia in China, and is now widely grown in temperate portions of the world. PINACEAE Lindl. Pine Family Plants monoecious (rarely dioecious) trees or shrubs; leaves evergreen or deciduous, needlelike, linear to oblong, borne singly or in clusters of 2-5 or densely aggregated on short lateral shoots; cones solitary, axillary or terminal; male cones small, soft, with spirally arranged microsporophylls; ovulate cones small to large, the sev- eral to many scales spirally arranged, each subtended by a bract and bearing 2 ovules; cones woody to leathery or papen,'; x = 12, 13. 1 Leaves borne in dense clusters on short spur branches; cones variously persistent or deciduous 2 — Leaves borne singly or in clusters of 2-5, persistent; cones typically persistent (except in Abies) 3 2(1). Leaves persistent; cones falling apart at maturity . Cedrus — Leaves deciduous; cones persistent Larix 3(2). Leaves 2-5 per cluster and fitting together to form a cylinder or, if solitary, terete Pinus — Leaves home singly, either angled or flattened but not terete 4 4(3). Branchlets rough where needles have fallen, the leaves deciduous above the persistent t)ase, typically 4-angled and sharply pointed Picea — Branches smooth where needles have fallen, the leaves deciduous to the base, typically flattened and bluntly pointed 5 5(4). Cones erect, not persistent, the scales falling from the central axis, with subtending bracts not apparent on the cone surface; terminal buds resinous Abies — Cones pendulous, persistent, the scales not deciduous from the central axis, with subtending 3-toothed bracts apparent on the cone surface; terminal buds not resinous Pseudotsuga Abies Miller Evergreen spirelike or conical trees with thin, grayish bark often bulged by resin vesicles when young, dark gray and thick in age; leaves borne singly, spirally arranged, flat, blunt, narrowed to a short stout petiole, wholly deciduous, the leaf scar nearly circular; winter buds blunt, resin covered; male cones catkinlike, cylindrical; ovulate cones stiffly erect, cylindrical, maturing in one season, the scales shed singly at maturity, the slender axis persistent on the branches for several years. L Branchlets pubescent; male cones bluish; mature leaves mostly 1.5-L8 mm wide and 2-3 cm long; trees spirelike or dwarf and shrublike at timberline A. lasiocarpa — Branchlets glabrous or nearly so; male cones rose to dark red; mature leaves mostly 1.8-2.5 mm wide and 2.5-5.5 cm long; trees with a conic to rounded crown . . A . concolor Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. White fir. [Picea concolor Gord. & Glend. ; A . grandis var. concolor (Cord. & Glend.) Murray]. Trees to 80 m tall, with the crown conic to rounded; bark thick, smooth when young except for resin blisters, strongly furrowed and dark gray in age; leaves solitary, flat in cross-section, bluish to yellow green, resin ducts lateral and just beneath the epidermis, the stomata in vertical rows on both surfaces, blunt to rounded apically, the leaf scar circular-de- pressed; male cones rose to dark red (rarely yellowish), less than 15 mm long; ovulate cones yellowish green to greenish purple, erect, oblong-cylindric, 7-12 cm long, the scales fan-shaped, broader than long; seeds broadly winged, 7-12 mm long. Mountain brush, aspen, Douglas fir, and fir communities at 1525 to 3050 m in all Utah counties except Daggett and Rich; Oregon to Wyoming, south to California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Mexico; 78 (XV). Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir. [Pinus (Abies) lasiocarpa Hook.; A. balsamea ssp. lasiocarpa (Hook.) J. Boivin; A. suhalpina Engelm. in Ward, type from Wasatch Plateau]. Trees to 40 m tall, with a spirelike crown or dwarfed and shrubbv at timberline; bark smooth 30 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 9 except for resin blisters when young, becoming furrowed and dark gray in age; branchlets pubescent; leaves 1.2-3 (3.2) cm long, 1-2 mm wide, the upper surface nearly flat, the lower with a prominent ridge, blunt to acute and rigid, solitary, dark blue-green, the stomata on both sur- faces, the upper in one more or less continuous band, the lower in 2 bands separated by the ridge, the leaf scar circular; staminate cones bluish, ca 9 mm long; ovulate cones mostly deep purple (rarely brownish green), 6-10 cm long; seeds 6-7 mm long, winged, the wings much larger than the seed, over 1 cm long. Aspen, spruce, spruce-fir, or fir communities, often growing with Engel- mann spruce, at (2000) 2470 to 3355 m (often forming krummholz at timberline), in all Utah counties, except Davis and Millard; Alaska, Yukon, and British Columbia, south to Oregon, Arizona, and New Mexico; 68 (v). Cedrus Trew Monoecious or dioecious evergreen conifers; bark smooth and gray at first, but furrowed and dark gray in age; leaves alternate and single on young shoots, fascicled and numerous on spurs on older stems, quadrangular, stiff; male cones erect, cylindric; ovulate cones erect, ovoid to cylindroid, with closely imbricated scales that fall apart at maturity; seeds with membranous wings. Cedrus atlantica (Endl. ) Manetti ex Carr. Atlas Cedar. [Pinus atlantica Endl.; C. libani ssp. atlantica (Endl.) Franco]. Trees to 30 m tall or more, and with trunks to 1 m thick or more; branchlets densely pubescent; leaves 6-25 mm long, bluish green, glaucous, quadrangular, sharply pointed, borne in fascicles of 20-50 on spur branches, singly on shoots of the season; male cones 2.3-5 cm long, the scales tan to brown, tardily deciduous; ovulate cones 6.5-10 cm long, 4.5-7 cm thick, ovoid to obovoid, strongly resinous, the scales deciduous from the persis- tent rachis, broadly fan-shaped, the seeds each with a fan-shaped yellowish brown wing. Uncommonly, but widely, grown specimen tree in the lower valleys of Utah; introduced from Algeria; 4 (0). The closely related spe- cies, C. lebani A. Rich, or cedar of Lebanon, with which the Atlas cedar has been combined, is sometimes grown here also, but is apparently more frost sensitive. It is distinguished by having longer leaves and larger cones. Larix Miller Deciduous trees with scaly bark; leaves dimorphic, thin and scalelike hair-tipped bracteate ones at the tips of short branches, and green needles, these latter borne in clusters on short spur shoots or spirally arranged on long shoots, all deciduous; winter buds blunt; male cones cylindrical and catkinlike; ovulate cones curved upward, ovoid, maturing in one season, the entire cone more or less persistent, not falling apart at maturity. 1. Leaves, at least the longest, (2.5) .35-.50 mm long; male cones yellow; ovulate cone scales much shorter than the long-attenuate, subtending bracts L. occidentalis — Leaves mainly less than 2.5 nun long; male cones brown; ovulate cone scales much longer than the slender sub- tending bracts L. dfcklua Larix decidua Miller Europtian Larch. [L. europaca DC. ]. Trees to 25 in tall or more, the trunk to 1 in thick or more; young twigs glabrous; bark ultimately thick and furrowed; needles typically 15-35 per spur, pale green. stiffish, mostly 8-25 mm long, flattened, the upper sur- face almost flat, the lower surface ridged in the middle; male cones brown, 1-2 cm long; ovulate cones mostly 2.5-3.5 cm long, the scales brown, somewhat hairy on the outer surface, truncate to broadly emarginate api- cally, longer than the attenuate subtending bracts; seeds ca 3 mm long, the wing oblique, ca 7 mm long, brownish; 2n = 24. Rather commonly grown specimen tree in much of lower elevation portions of Utah; introduced from Eu- rope; 8 (i). Larix occidentalis Nutt. Western, Montana, or Moun- tain Larch; Tamarack, Hakmatack; Western Tamarack. Trees to 50 m tall or more, the trunk to 1 m thick or more; young twigs glabrous or more or less pubescent; bark ultimately thick and furrowed; needles typically 15-30 per spur, pale green, stiffish, mostly (25) 35-50 mm long, rather broadly triangular in section, the upper surface flat or nearly so, the lower one ridged in the middle; male cones yellow, ca 1 cm long; ovulate cones mostly 2.5-3.5 cm long, the scales reddish brown to brownish, usually hairy on the outer surface, truncate to broadly emarginate apically, much surpassed by the long-attenuate subtend- ing bracts; seeds ca 3 mm long, the wings ca 6 mm long, brownish to reddish. Established in a planting in Big Cottonwood Canyon, Salt Lake County; British Colum- bia to Oregon, east Montana and Idaho; 1 (0). Picea A. Dietr. Evergreen trees with scaly bark; needles borne singly, spirally arranged, quadrangular and square in cross sec- tion or more or less flattened, often sharply acute, decid- uous above the base (quickly deciduous from cut branches), the twigs roughened with persistent peglike leaf bases; winter buds blunt; staminate cones cylindrical, catkinlike; ovulate cones curved downward, ovoid to cylindrical, maturing in one season, the cones more or less persistent, not falling apart at maturity. L Branchlets ordinarily pendulous along main branches; cones 10-18 cm long; trees cultivated P. abies — Branchlets ordinarily spreading along main branches; cones less than 10 cm long; trees indigenous or culti- vated 2 2(1). Twigs (or leaf bases) pubescent; leaves flexible, not sharply pointed, the apex blunt to acute; ovulate cones 3-6 cm long, deciduous following seed maturity P . eng,elnuinmi — Twigs (and leai bases) glabrous; leaves rigid, sharply pointed; ovulate cones 6-10 cm long, persistent follow- ing seed maturity P- pungens Picea abies (L.) Karsten Norway Spruce. [Pinus abies L. ]. Trees to 25 m tall or more, the trunk to 1 m thick or more; bark .scaly, grayish; branches spreading to curved- a.scending, with pendulous branchlets on mature branches; branchlets pubescent to subglabrous or glabrous; needles mainly 10-20 nun long, (juadrangular; ovulate cones mainly 10-18 cm long, pendulous, persist- ing on the tree for one or more years; 2n 24. C'onunonly grown ornamental tree in much of Utah; introduced horn Europe; 1 (0). The white spruce, P. glauca (Moench) Voss, with cones 2.5-6.5 cm long is unconunonly grown in Utah. The branchlets are glabrous and the needles are 6-15 nun long. 1987 Welsh etal.:AUtah Flora, Pinaceae 31 Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. Engflmanii Spruce. [Abies ent^eluuirmii Parry; P. pjauca ssp. endcl- mannii (Parry) Taylor]. Trees to 4 m tall, or shruhliy and low at timberline; bark thin, scaly, reddish brown or cinnamon; twigs (or leaf bases) pubescent or rarely glabrous; leaves glaucous to deep bluish green, 13-25 (30) mm long, blunt to acute apically but not sharply pointed and pungent; staminate cones yellow lirown, 7-15 mm long; ovulate cones purplish brown to brown, oblong-cylindric, 3-5.5 cm long, persistent for ca 1 year; scales entire to incised apically, the bracts shorter than the scales; seeds winged, the wing long, pale brown. Spruce, spruce-fir, and lodgepole pine communities at (2285) 2440 to 3420 m in probably all Utah counties; British Columbia to Alberta, south to California, Arizona, and New Mexico; 43 (viii). This tree is often a codominant with subalpine fir, and less commonly with lodgepole pine. The trees are harvested for lumber. Picea pungens Engelm. Blue Spruce. Trees to 3 ni tall, often with a dense conical crown, or with an open and pyramidal crown in age; bark gray to brownish, thickish, scaly, sometimes furrowed; twigs (and leaf bases) glabrous, shiny; leaves bluish green, rigid, 12-30 mm long, tapered to a pungent tip; male cones yellow, 10-15 mm long; ovulate cones purplish brown when young, light brown or stramineus when mature, 6-12 cm long, persistent for at least 2 years; scales thin, the apex erose and undulate, surpassing the bracts; seeds 2-3 mm long, winged, the wing longer than the seed. Riparian and other moist habitats with willow, cottonwood, and other mesophytes at 1830 to 2870 m in Beaver, Box Elder, Carbon, Duchesne, Emery, Garfield, Grand, Kane, Iron, Piute, Salt Lake, San Juan, Sanpete, Sevier, Sum- mit, Uintah, Utah, Wasatch, and Washington counties; Idaho and Wyoming to Arizona and New Mexico; 34 (iii). The blue spruce is the state tree for both Utah and Colo- rado. The trees are used for lumber. Pinus L. Evergreen trees with scaly bark; leaves dimorphic, of thin scalelike ones subtending the base of short spur branches and of green needles borne singly (and terete) or in clusters of 2-5 on spur branches, these spirally ar- ranged on the twigs; winter buds acutish, resinous; male cones ovoid to cylindrical; ovulate cones variously ar- ranged but not erect in age, ovoid to lance-ovoid, matur- ing in 1 or 2 seasons, more or less persistent, woody, not falling apart at maturity. 1. Needles borne in bundles of 5 2 — Needles solitary (and terete) or in clusters of 2 or 3 . . . 6 2(1). Needles entire along the margins; trees indigenous .. 3 — Needles minutely serrulate marginally; trees intro- duced 4 3(2). Needles 3-7 cm long, the sheaths early decidous; cones 7-20 cm long, unarmed; plants widely dis- tributed P . flexilis — Needles 2-4 cm long, the sheaths persisting for 2-3 years; cones 5-9 cm long, armed with spines; plants local, mainly in southern Utah P . long,aeva 4(2). Ovulate cones typically 1.5-25 cm long; needles mainly 5-10 cm long; plants grown in Big Cotton- wood Canyon, Salt Lake County P. nwnticola — Ovulate cones of various length but, if 15-25 cm long, the needles more than 10 cm long 5 5(4). Needles less than 12 cm long, slender but not droop- ing P . strobus — Needles 12-20 cm long, slender, drooping . P. griffithii 6(1). Needles solitary (rarely 2 per bundle), cylindrical, terete; trees of the Great and Virgin basins P. monophylla — Needles in bundles of 2 or 3 7 7(6). Needles typically borne in bundles of 3 (at least some) 8 — Needles typically in bundles of 2 9 8(7). Cones 15-30 cm long; bark with odor of vanilla; buds not covered with resin droplets; plants introduced, cultivated P . jejfreyi — Cones 7-15 cm long; bark with odor of turpentine; buds often with resin droplets; plants indigenous, sometimes cultivated P. ponderosa 9(7). Trees small to moderately sized; sheath at base of needles deciduous; seeds large, edible; plants mainly of the Colorado Plateau P. edulis — Trees small to large; sheath at base of needles persis- tent; seeds small to moderate, not typically eaten; plants introduced or, if indigenous, the distribution various or otherwise 10 10(9). Needles 8 cm long or more 11 — Needles 8 cm long or less 12 11(10). Trees typically less than 5 m tall; bark scaly, cinnamon; cones 3-5 cm long P. densiflora — Trees typically much more than 5 m tall; bark finally furrowed and gray, not cinnamon; cones 8-10 cm long P . nigra 12(10). Trees with scaly cinnamon colored bark (at least above); cones short stalked; plants introduced P. sylvestris — Trees with bark various, but not cinnamon colored; cones sessile or subsessile 13 13(12). Plants typically shrubby and less than 2.5 m tall, introduced P. mugo — Plants typically much over 2.5 m tall; indigenous in northern Utah and uncommonly cultivated . P. contorta Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loudon Lodgepole Pine; Black Pine. [P. murraijana Balf in Murray; P . contorta ssp. murraijana (Balf) Critchf ; P. contorta var. mur- rayana (Balf) Engelm.]. Trees mostly 10-35 m tall, usu- ally in dense stands with small bare trunks and in more open stands with branch covered bases; bark thin, orange brown to gray, scaly, not ridged or furrowed except in large trees in open stands; leaves 2 per cluster, (2) 3-9 cm long, stout, often twisted; staminate cones orange red, 8-10 mm long; ovulate cones borne on the upper branches, subsessile, serotinous, opening and shedding seeds in 2 or more years, 3-6 cm long, the scales narrow, thickened at the end, the umbo dorsal and with a short sharp subpersistent prickle; seeds 3—4 mm long, reddish brown, with a prominent wing 10-12 mm long; 2n = 24. Aspen, lodgepole pine, and spruce-fir or spruce commu- nities at 2135 to 3355 m in Cache, Daggett, Duchesne, Summit, Uintah, and Wasatch counties; Alaska to Saskatchewan, south to California and Colorado; 24 (i). A specimen taken in the Stansbury Mts., Tooele County, appears to be from a cultivated tree. This is the most common conifer in the Uinta Mts. Our plants belong to var. ^(t/o/ta Engelm. ex Wats, (type from the Uinta Mts.) [P. contorta ssp. latifolia (Engelm.) Critchf.; P. divari- 32 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 9 cafa var. latifolia {Engelm.)]. Boivin]. Insect infestations of lodgepole pine in recent years have resulted in whole- sale death of post- to log-sized trees. Thousands of acres of trees have been killed. Pinus densiflora Sieb. & Zucc. Japanese Red Pine. Trees small, mainly 4-.5 m tall; bark thin, scaly, cinnamon colored (at least above); needles in bundles of 2, mainly 6-11 cm long, bluish green; ovulate cones 2.5-4 cm long, ovoid to cylindroid-ellipsoid, tardily opening, the seed 3-4 mm long, with an oblique wing 7-9 mm long, this stramineous to brownish. Sparingly grown ornamental pine of charm and beauty in at least Utah County; intro- duced from Japan; 5 (0). Our material apparently belongs to the dwarf horticultural phase passing as var. umbrac- ulifera Tanyosho. Pinus eduZts Engelm. Pinyon; Two-needle Pinyon. [P. monophylla var. edulis (Engelm.) Jones; P. cembroides var. edulis (Engelm.) Voss]. Small to moderate sized trees with pyramidal to rounded crown, mainly 5-15 (20) m tall, the trunk short; bark thin and scaly, yellowish brown to reddish brown, finally furrowed and grayish; needles 2 (1-3) per cluster, 1.5-5 cm long, rigid, sharply pointed, the sheath deciduous; staminate cones 3-6 mm long; ovulate cones ovoid, (2) 3-5 cm long, short-stalked, yel- lowish brown to brown, resinous, the scales thickened apically but without a prickle, the umbo dorsal, incon- spicuous; seeds brown, mainly 8-16 mm long, ovoid-el- lipsoid to ellipsoid, thick-shelled, wingless, averaging smaller than in P. monophylla (q.v.); n = 12. Pinyon- juniper and pinyon or sagebrush and lower aspen commu- nities at 1220 to 2745 m in Beaver, Cache, Daggett, Duchesne, Emery, Garfield, Grand, Kane, Iron, Juab, Millard, Piute, Rich, San Juan, Sanpete, Sevier, Uintah, Utah, and Washington counties; Wyoming to Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Mexico; 92 (xiv). The two- needle pinyon, usually in association with Utah juniper (which often serves as a nurse plant), forms extensive woodlands in many areas of the state, except in western Utah where it is replaced by P. monophylla. The latter plant has a more open crown and more bluish green aspect, in addition to the key characters. Besides being valuable for the edible seeds, the wood is used as a premier firewood. Huge areas of pinyon-juniper wood- land have been devastated in attempts (not always wise) at improvement of range forage conditions, especially for grazing by domestic livestock and wildlife. Pinus flexilis James Limber Pine. [Apinus flexdis (James) Rydb.]. Trees, mainly 8-20 m tall, with pyrami- dal or more commonly rounded crown, sometimes shrubby; mature bark dark brown to blackish, furrowed, and with rectangular scaly plates; young branchlets pu- berulent; needles 5 per cluster, (2.2) 3.5-7 cm long, rigid, dark green, not serrulate; staminate cones reddish, 7-10 mm long; ovulate cones ovoid to subcylindric-ellip- soid, 6-14 cm long, short-stalked, the scales thickened at the tip, the umbo terminal, unarmed; seeds 7-12 mm long, dark brown, the wing vestigial. Typically on ridge crests in Douglas fir, ponderosa pine, aspen, and spruce- fir or high elevation grass-sagebrush commimitics at 1830 to 3450 m in all Utah counties, except Uintah; British Columbia and Alberta, .south to C^alifornia, Arizona, and Texas; 80 (xi). Trees of this species are seldom conunoii, but stand flaglike along windswept ridgecrests in many plant communities. The seeds are sufficiently large to be used as human food, but are seldom harvested. Pinus jeffreyi Half, in Murray Jeffrey Pine. Trees, mainly 10-40 m tall, the crown finally rounded; mature bark furrowed, with large irregular plates, finally purplish to reddish brown, the furrows exposing red fresh bark, with the odor of vanilla; buds without resin droplets; needles (2) 3 per bundle, bluish green, mainly 12-25 cm long; sheaths of needles persistent; staminate cones 2-3.5 cm long, purplish; ovulate cones 15-25 cm long, ovoid to ovoid-ellipsoid, short-stalked, the scales thickened api- cally, the dorsal umbo armed with a prickle; seeds 10-12 mm long, the wing prominent, mainly 2-3 cm long. Cultivated ornamental and specimen tree in Utah County (at least); Oregon, California, and Nevada; 2 (0). Pinus longaeva D. K. Bailey Western Bristlecone. Bushy trees to 20 m tall, or gnarled and shrublike; bark grayish to reddish brown; branches pendulous, twisted and very elongated; leaves 5 per cluster, persistent, 2-4 cm long, rigid, dark green, not serrulate; staminate cones 10-12 mm long; ovulate cones 5. .5-8. 5 cm long, broadest at the base, reddish brown, the scales thickish, ridged, the umbo dorsal and armed with a slender incurved prickle 4-6 mm long; seeds pale brown, 6-8 mm long, the wings slightly longer. Ridges and open slopes, mainly on limestone or dolomitic substrates, in ponderosa pine, spruce, and spruce-fir communities at 2195 to 3265 m in Beaver, Carbon, Duchesne, Emery, Garfield, Iron, Juab, Kane, Millard, Sanpete, Tooele, Utah, Wayne, and Washington counties; Nevada and California; 45 (ix). This species is distinguished from P. aristata Engelm., the bristlecone pine, in having 2 resin ducts per leaf, these not or rarely producing a resin dot at the leaf apex. The western bristlecone is among the oldest living trees in the world, with some known to have lived for .5000 years. Pinus monophylla Torr. & Frem. Singleleaf Pinyon. [P. edulis var. monophylla (Torr. & Frem.) Torr. in Ives; P. cetnbroides var. monophylla (Torr. & Frem.) Voss]. Trees to 15 (20) m tall, with rounded to flat-topped crown in age; mature bark redddish brown, with narrow flat ridges; needles mostly solitary, rigid, incurved, pale green, sharply pointed, 2.5-3.5 cm long, the sheaths deciduous; staminate cones yellowish, 5-6 mm long; ovu- late cones 3.5-5.5 cm long, broadly ovoid, brown, the .scales thick, especially at the tip, 4-seeded; seeds mostly 10-17 mm long, wingless, brown, moderately thin- shelled, edible. Pinyon-juniper, pinyon, sagebrush, and lower aspen communities at 820 to 2535 (2960) m in Beaver, Box Elder, Cache, Iron, Juab, Kane, Millard, Tooele, Utah, Wasatch, and Washington counties; Ari- zona, Nevada, California, and Baja; 37 (iv). The presence within the Great Basin of trees with 2 or even 3 needles instead of the usually rounded, solitary needle has led some botanists to view the unusual plants as hybrids between this and the two-needle pinyon of the Colorado drainage. Trees having more than the usual number of needles are almost exclusively on mesic sites and the condition seems to be ecologically induced instead of indicating genetic interaction. This is the principal nut- pine of commerce, with great c}uantities of the seeds being harvested in some years for sale as "pine nuts." Stands ol this species and I'tah juniper in the Great Basin have been devastated similarK to those of the two-needle pinyon to improve rangelands for grazing purposes. Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don Western White Pine. [P . strobus monticola (Dougl.) Nutt.]. Trees to 25 m tall or more; trunks to 1 m in diameter or more; bark 1987 Welsh ETAL, A Utah Flora, Pinaceae 33 thin, gray, smooth at first, finally furrowed into scaly plates; branchk'ts puherulent; buds ovoid, acute; leaves in bundles of 5, persisting for 2-4 years, glaucous, (4) 5-10 cm long, more or less serrulate along the margins; sheaths deciduous; male cones 7-10 mm long, yellow; ovulate cones typically 15-25 cm long, narrowly oblong, pale brown, pendulous, on stalks 1-2.5 cm long, the umbo terminal, inconspicuous; seeds 6-10 mm long, the wings 20-25 mm long. Known from a planting in Big Cottonwood Canyon (Spruces), Salt Lake County; British Columbia and Alberta to California, Idaho, and Montana; 1(0). Pinus mug,o Turra Mountain Pine; Mugo Pine. [P. montana Miller]. Shrubby low trees mainly less than 6 m tall; trunk seldom readily apparent; bark scaly, gray, not becoming cinnamon above; leaves 2 per bundle, mainly 4.5-7 cm long, green to blue green, persisting for some years, the sheaths more or less persistent; staminate cones yellowish, 8-10 mm long; ovulate cones 4-6 (7) cm long, the umbo dorsal, unarmed; seeds 3-5 mm long, the wing about twice as long as the seed, scarious, shiny; 2n = 24. Rather commonly grown ornamental in much of lower elevation portions of the State (Cache, Davis, and Utah counties); introduced from Europe; 9 (0). Pinus nigra Arnold Austrian Pine. Trees, mainly 20-30 m tall, with a rounded crown; bark ultimately thick, gray, and furrowed, not becoming cinnamon upward; needles in bundles of 2, mainly 12-16 cm long, blue green, the sheaths persistent; staminate cones yellowish, 25-35 mm long; ovulate cones 5-8 cm long, tan to brownish, the scale tips brownish, the umbo dorsal, unarmed; seeds 5-7 mm long, the wings 2-3 times as long as the seeds, brownish, oblique; 2n = 24. Commonly grown ornamen- tal and shade tree of lower elevation portions of Utah; introduced from Eurasia; 6 (0). Austrian pine is frequently mistaken in cultivation for ponderosa pine, which usually has 3 needles per cluster and larger armed cones. Pinus ponderosa Lawson Ponderosa Pine; Western Yellow Pine; Yellow Pine. Trees, mainly 10-30 m tall; bark ultimately thick, deeply furrowed, and reddish brown, forming polygonal plates, with cinnamon colored furrows; leaves mainly in clusters of 3 (less commonly in 2's), 8-10 cm long, yellow green, persisting at branch ends, the sheaths persistent; male cones yellow to purple, 2-3 cm long; ovulate cones 7-15 cm long, reddish brown, the scale tips yellowish brown and with a stout prickle on the umbo; seeds 6-7 mm long, the wing brownish purple, 2-4 times as long as the seed; 2n = 24. Mountain brush, ponderosa pine, and aspen communities (less commonly with spruce-fir and lodgepole pine communities) at 1585 to 2685 m in all Utah counties except Box Elder, Cache, Davis, Morgan, Rich, Salt Lake, and Wasatch (?); British Columbia to the Dakotas and Nebraska, south to Califor- nia and New Mexico; 69 (vi). This is one of the premier lumber trees of L'tah, producing cylindrical large boles, often without major branches in the lower 5-10 meters. The wood is used both in rough construction and in cabinet work. Pinus strohus L. White Pine; Eastern White Pine. Slender trees, mainly 10-25 m tall; trunk to 1 m thick or more; bark scaly, not deeply furrowed; needles in clusters of 5, very slender, serrulate, yellow green to blue green, the sheaths soon deciduous; staminate cones yellowish, 8-10 mm long; ovulate cones 6-25 cm long, on stalks to 2 cm long or more, broadest near the middle, the scales thickish, brown to reddish brown, the umbo terminal, unarmed; seeds 4-6 mm long, the wings 2-4 times as long as the seeds; 2n 24. Cultivated ornamental and specimen trees in lower elevation portions of the state; Manitoba to Newfoundland, south to Iowa, Illinois, Ten- nessee, and Ceorgia; 4 (0). This pine is only sparingly grown in Utah, but was probably the most important soft wood used in colonial America. Pinus sylvestris L. Scots Pine. Trees mainly 15-25 m tall, finally with an open spreading crown; bark thin, ultimately furrowed and dark gray below, becoming scaly and cinnamon upward; needles 2 per cluster, 4.5-9 cm long, yellow green, the sheaths persisting; male cones 8-12 mm long, yellowish; ovulate cones 4-7 cm long, conic to ovoid, the umbo dorsal, unarmed; seeds 3-4 mm long, the wing much longer than the seeds; 2n ^ 24. Commonly grown ornamental, windbreak, and specimen tree in much of lower elevation Utah (Cache, Utah, and Weber comities); introduced from Europe; 11 (0). Pinus waUichiana A. B. Jackson Himalayan White Pine. [P. griffithii authors, not Pari.]. Slender trees, mainly 10-25 m tall; bark smooth, at least when young; branchlets glabrous, glaucous; leaves in bundles of 5, mainly 18-22 cm long, ver\' slender, serrulate, yellowish to bluish green and glaucous; staminate cones yellowish; ovulate cones 12-25 cm long, yellowish brown, the scales yellowish apically, the umbo subterminal, mucronate, but not sharply awned; seeds 5-6 mm long, the wing several times longer than the seed, brown. Uncommonly grown specimen tree in lower elevation portions of Utah; introduced from the Himalayas; 3 (0). Pseudotsuga Carr. Evergreen coniferous trees; bark ultimately blackish to dark gray and deeply furrowed; branchlets with slightly raised oval leaf scars; winter buds reddish brown, non- resinous, pointed; leaves solitary, spirally arranged, flat, more or less petiolate; staminate cones solitary in leaf axils, the microsporphylls expanded apically; ovulate cones terminal or apparently so, pendent, maturing in one season, not falling apart at maturity, the scales rounded, surpassed by subtending, conspicuously 3-lobed bracts; seeds oblong, shorter than the membra- nous wings. Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco Douglas Fir; Red Pine. [Abies menziesii Mirb.; A. taxifolia Poir. in Lam. , not Du Tour 1803 or Desf. 1804; P. taxifolia (Poir.) Britt.]. Trees mainly 20-30 m tall; bark smooth when young, finally deeply furrowed and blackish to dark gray in age; branches mainly alternate, usually pubescent for some years; leaves mainly 15-35 mm long, flat, obtuse to acutish, bluish green; staminate cones 5-8 mm long, orange red; ovulate cones 4-6 cm long (exclusive of bracts), ovoid-cylindroid, pendulous, brown to reddish brown, soon deciduous, the scales rounded, the subtend- ing 3-lobed bracts prominently exserted; seeds 5-6 mm long, the wing ca twice as long as the seed; 2n = 26, 27. White fir, mountain brush, aspen, and spruce-fir commu- nities at 1525 to 3050 m in all Utah counties; British Columbia and Alberta, south to California, New Mexico, Texas, and Mexico; 127 (xxvi). Our material belongs to var. glauca (Beissner) Mayr [Tsuga douglasii var. glauca Beissner. in Jager & Beissner; P. douglasii var. glauca (Beissner) Mayr; P. globosa Flous, type from Big Cotton- wood Creek, Salt Lake County]. This species was ex- 34 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 9 ploited for lumber, as red pine, by pioneer sawyers. The wood is hard, close-grained, and very durable. Sites logged of this species a century ago still have not grown back trees of usable size. TAXACEAE S. F. Gray Yew Family Evergreen dioecious shrubs or trees; leaves needle- like, flattened, alternate or rarely opposite, often 2— ranked; plants dioecious; staminate cones small, globu- lar, axillary; ovulate cone much reduced, the ovules soli- tary, each surrounded by a fleshy disc (aril), the aril ripening and brightly colored at maturity; x = 11. Taxus L. Treated is a single genus with features of the family. 1. Leaves gradually acuminate; winter bud scales not keeled T . baccata — Leaves abruptly acute; winter bud scales keeled T. cuspidata Taxus baccata L. English Yew. Trees, mainly 3-7 m tall; winter buds obtuse, the scales persistent at base of branches; leaves mainly 2-3 cm long, gradually acumi- nate, glossy and dark green above, pale beneath; aril nearly globose, to ca 12 mm thick. Sparingly cultivated ornamental in Utah; introduced from Eurasia; 8 (0). This and other species of yew are poisonous to livestock and people. The poisonous principal is reputedly alkaloidal. Taxus cuspidata L. Japanese Yew. Shrubs or trees, mainly 0. 5-2 m tall; winter buds ovoid-oblong, acute, the scales keeled; leaves mainly 2-3 cm long, abruptly acute, dull green above, with 2 yellowish bands beneath; aril ellipsoid, to ca 12 mm thick. Rather commonly grown ornamental in Utah; introduced from eastern Asia; 6 (0). TAXODIACEAE Warm. Taxodium Family Evergreen or deciduous trees; leaves spirally arranged, though often 2-ranked; male cones terminal or axillary, with spirally arranged microsporophylls, each with sev- eral microsporangia; ovulate cones woody, with thick- ened widely spreading scales, each bearing 2-9 ovules; x = 11. 1. Leaves opposite or apparently so; branchlets deciduous with the leaves in autumn Metasequoia — Leaves alternate or apparently so, mostly spirally ar- ranged; branchlets and leaves deciduous or evergreen . . 2 2(1). Leaves scalelike, subulate and rigid, evergreen Sequoiadendron — Leaves needlelike, flat, not subulate and rigid, decidu- ous Taxodium Metasequoia Miki Trees with deciduous branchlets; leaves decussate or apparently 2-ranked; male cones sessile, in long droop- ing clusters; ovulate cones subglobose, pendulous on naked peduncles; scales 10-15 pairs; seeds 5-8 per scale, 2-winged. Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu & Cheng Dawn Redwood. Dioecious (or monoecious) trees to 15 m tall or more; trunks buttressed; bark thin, shredded, or ulti- mately thickened and furrowed; leaves mainly 5-27 mm long, flattened, 1-1.6 mm wide, deciduous with the branchlet in autumn; ovulate cones 2-2.5 cm long, sub- globose, becoming quadrangular upon opening, borne on stalks 1.5-6 cm long, the scales more or less peltate, green, finally becoming brown to tan; 2n = 22. Uncom- monly grown specimen and shade tree in Utah; intro- duced from China; 5 (ii). The trees grow rapidly, with one example reaching a height of more than 10 meters and a basal diameter of 5 dm in 25 years. The wood is light and brittle when dry, but flexible and strong when growing. The species should be more widely planted. Sequoiadendron Buchholz Evergreen trees; leaves scalelike; male cones sessile; ovulate cones oblong-ovoid, green, persistent on the tree, woody, with numerous wedge-shaped scales, termi- nating in a long terete spine, each with 3-12 or more ovules; seeds maturing in 2 years, with 2 thin lateral wings. Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchholz Big Tree; Giant Sequoia. [Wellingtonia gigantea Lindl.]. Trees to 40 m tall or more; trunks buttressed, to 1 m thick or more, often without branches for some distance above the base in age; crown spirelike to rounded and open in age; bark finally thick; leaves decurrent, thickly set, ap- pressed or with the tips spreading, 3-6 mm long, or 3-12 mm long on leading shoots, blue green; staminate cones 5-6 mm long; ovulate cones oblong-ovoid, 5-8 cm long, greenish, becoming red brown, the scales abruptly di- lated into grooved disks; seeds ca 6 mm long, the wings broader than the body; 2n = 22. Sparingly to commonly grown specimen tree and botanical curiosity from Utah County south to Washingon County; California; 9 (iii). Trees of this species planted at Brigham Young University by B. F. Harrison in the mid 1940's are now more than 15 m tall, some with basal diameter more than 8 dm. A specimen from the east side of the Pine Valley Mountains, Washington County, planted sometime following the turn of the 20th century, now overtops the ponderosa pine forest in which it grows and has a basal diameter greater than one meter. Specimens of this species in California are among the largest and oldest trees on earth. Taxodium Rich. Trees with deciduous branchlets; leaves appearing 2-ranked, alternate, linear; male cones many, small, in catkinlike clusters at branch ends; ovulate cones globose, the scales many, thick, shield-shaped; seeds 2 per scale. Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. Bald Cypress; Swamp Cypress. [Cupressus distica L.]. Trees to 15 m or more; bark thin, gray brown, rough; leaves mostly 10-16 mm long, distichous, apparently alternate, on slender decidu- ous twigs 5-12 cm long; male cones 2 mm thick, borne in slender, drooping panicles; ovulate cones subglobose, 2-2.5 cm thick, the scales shield-shaped, tan to brown- ish. Uncommonly grown shade and specimen tree in Utah; introduced from the southeastern U. S.;4(0). Trees planted at the margin of the Botany Fond, Brigham Young University, in the mid 194()'s by B. F. Harrison are now more than 12 m tall and have huge buttressed trunks. The trees should be more widely grown in the state. 1987 Welsh etal: A Utah Flora, Key 35 DIVISION MAGNOLIOPHYTA The Flowering Plants Herbs, subshrubs, shrubs, and trees with an alterna- tion of generations; gametophyte generation greatly re- ducetl, represented by microgametophytes (ultimately the pollen grains) and megagametophytes (the embryo sacs); fertilization double; sporophytes with roots, stems, leaves and flowers; xylem typically with vessels; flowers of spirally arranged parts, or of 1-4 whorls of parts cyclically arranged, usually with sepals, petals, stamens, and a pistil (or these variously lacking or modified); sepals typcially enclosing the other parts in bud; petals typically as many as the sepals and borne alternate with them; stamens (microsporophylls) typically as many or twice as many and alternate with the petals (opposite the sepals); pistil vari- ously simple (of one carpel or megasporophyll) and soli- tary or few to many, or consisting of connate carpels (hence compound); ovule solitary or few to many, borne on placentae by a funiculus; ovary ripening to form a fruit. CLASS MAGNOLIOPSIDA The Dicots Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs, or shrubs or trees; leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled, simple or variously compound, typically net-veined; flower parts typically 4- or 5-merous; embryo typically with 2 cotyle- dons. Key to the families. 1. Perianth consisting of a single whorl, arbitrarily called sepals, or none Key 1, p. 35 — Perianth consisting of 2 whorls (sepals and petals) 2 2(1). Corolla of separate petals 3 — Corolla of united (connate) petals, at least near the base Key 4, p. 39 3(2). Stamens numerous, more than twice as many as the petals Key 2, p. 37 — Stamens few, not more than twice as many as the petals '. . .. Key3, p. 37 Keyl. Perianth consisting of a single whorl. 1). Plants parasitic on the branches of trees or shrubs, rooting in the host, usually yellow green Viscaceae, p. 643 — Plants not parasitic on branches of trees, rooting in soil 2 2(1). Plants trees, shrubs, or vines 3 — Plants herbaceous 29 3(2). Leaves opposite 4 — Leaves typically alternate, at least the uppermost ... 11 4(3). Plants trailing vines 5 — Plants trees or shrubs 6 5(4). Leaves compound; stamens and pistils many; flowers showT^' Ranunculaceae (Clematis ), p. 503 — Leaves simple, deeply palmately lobed; stamens and pistils 5 or fewer; flowers not show\' Cannabaceae (Htimulus), p. 96 6(4). Ovary superior; fruit a samara, capsule, achene, or drupe 7 13 46 — Ovary inferior (apparently so in Elaeagnaceae); fruit a drupe or a berry 9 7(6). Flowers perigynous; plants shrubs, mainly less than 1 m tall Rosaceae {Coleog,yne), p. 519 — Flowers hypogynous; plants trees or shrubs, mainly over 1.5 m tall 8 8(7). Fruit a double samara; leaves palmately lobed or 3- to 5-foIiolate Aceraceae, p. 41 — Fniit a simple samara (1 -winged), capsule, or drupe; leaves pinnately compound or simple and typically pinnately veined Oleaceae, p. 431 9(6). Flowers in pendulous catkins; leaves leathery, ever- green; plants of Washington County Garryaceae, p. 307 — Flowers variously arranged but not in catkins; leaves not both leathery and evergreen 10 10(9). Flowers in con,mbose cymes, perfect; ovary usually 2-loculed; stamens typically 5 Comaceae, p. 241 — Flowers solitary or in axillan,' clusters, often imper- fect; ovary 1-loculed; stamens 4-8 Elaeagnaceae, p. 294 1 1(.3). Leaves compound 12 — Leaves simple 15 12(11). Leaflets armed with spinulose teeth; plants ever- green Berberidaceae, p. 55 — Leaflets entire or serrate, but not spinulose, decidu- ous 13(12). Leaf rachis very narrowly winged; fruit a thin-fleshed drupe; trees cultivated and established in Washing- ton County Anacardiaceae, p — Leaf rachis not winged; fruit not a drupe; trees or shrubs of various distribution and persistence 14 14(13). Leaflets entire; fruit a legume; flowers conspicuous, brightly colored or white Leguminosae, p. .336 — Leaflets toothed or entire; fhiit drupaceous; flowers inconspicuous, greenish Juglandaceae, p. 326 15(11). Plants trailing vines Polygonaceae, p. 470 — Plants trees or shrubs 16 16(15). Flowers of one or both sexes in catkins (aments); plants monoecious or dioecious 17 — Flowers not in catkins, perfect or imperfect 22 17(16). Perianth lacking 18 — Perianth present 20 18(17). Plants desert shrubs of saline soils; leaves entire, terete or nearly so; fruit a utricle Chenopodiaceae (Sarcobatus), p. 116 — Plants of moist situations in a variety of soils; leaves mostly not entire, the blades flat; fruit a nutlet, nut, or capsule 19 19(18). Plants monoecious; staminate flowers attached to bract of catkin Betulaceae, p. 57 — Plants dioecious; staminate flowers attached to axis of catkin Salicaceae, p. 546 20(17). Fruit a multiple or a syconium, fleshy and elongated, obovoid, or globose and woody Moraceae, p. 425 — Fruit an acorn or a nut 21 21(20). Fruit a nut, enclosed in a leafy involucre or in cone- like catkins; leaves serrate or doubly so; plants usually of moist situations, if native Betulaceae, p. 57 — Fruit an acorn, chestnut, or beechnut, with a basal cup, spiny bur, or subtended by bracts; leaves typi- cally lobed; plants seldom of moist situations, unless cultivated Fagaceae, p. 304 36 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 9 22(16). 23(22). 24(23). 25(23). 26(25). 27(25). 28(27). 29(2). 30(29). 31(30). 32(30). 33(32). 34(32). 35(34). 36(35). 37(36). 38(29). Ovary inferior or apparently so . . Elaeagnaceae, p. 294 Ovary superior 23 Ovary 1-carpellate; fruit an achene or berry 24 Ovary 2- or more-carpellate; fruit an achene or oth- erwise, but not a berry 25 Plants armed with thorns (modified leaves), intro- duced or indigenous shrubs with small but showy perianth; fi-uit a berry Berberidaceae, p. 55 Plants unarmed native shrubs, the perianth showy or not; fruit a plumose achene Rosaceae, p. 519 Plants typically trees; fruit a samara 26 Plants normally shrubs; fruit an achene or utricle ... 27 Leaves palmately veined and lobed; fruit of woody capsules borne in heads Hamamelidaceae, p. 314 Leaves pinnateiy veined, serrate; fruit a samara . . . Ulmaceae, p. 611 Plants with milky juice; inflorescence subtended by colored foliose bracts Euphorbiaceae, p. 299 Plants with watery juice; inflorescence not as above . 28 Flowers perfect, subtended by a cuplike involucre; stamens 6-9; fruit an achene .... Polygonaceae, p. 470 Flowers usually imperfect, not subtended by a cup- like involucre; stamens 1-5; fruit a utricle Chenopodiaceae, p. 116 Ovary inferior 30 Ovary superior 38 Plants aquatic; leaves entire and in whorls or alter- nate and dissected 31 Plants terrestrial; leaves various but not as above Leaves alternate and finely dissected 32 Haloragaceae, p. 314 Leaves whorled, entire Hippuridaceae, p. 315 Ovary 2-loculed, with 1 ovule per locule; fruit 2-seeded 33 Ovary 1-loculed, 1- or 2-ovuled, sometimes with several carpels, but with a single ovule developing (1- to 5-loculed and many-seeded in some Aizoaceae); fruit 1- or 2-seeded 34 Perianth of connate segments; leaves opposite or whorled; flowers usually in cymes . . . Rubiaceae, p. 543 Perianth segments distinct; leaves alternate or basal; flowers in umbels Umbelliferae, p. 613 Plants typically fleshy and prostrate; fruit a typically circumscissile capsule Aizoaceae, p. 43 Plants usually not fleshy, of various habit but some- times prostrate; fruit not a circumscissile capsule ... 35 Flowers sessile, borne in involucrate heads; anthers united into a tube around the style . Compositae, p. 131 Flowers not sessile or in involucrate heads; anthers distinct 36 Leaves alternate Santalaceae, p. 556 Leaves opposite 37 Leaves pinnateiy parted or compound, at least the cauline ones sheathing at the base; plants dioecious Vaierianaceae, p. 638 Leaves simple, not sheathing at the base, plants with perfect flowers Nyctaginaeeae, p. 426 Pistils several to many per flower; stamens usually 10 or more Ranunculaccae. p. 503 Pistils 1 (3 or 4 in Saururaceae) per flower, stamens 1 to many, but usually 10 or less 39 39(38). Plants aquatic, typically more or less submerged ... 40 — Plants terrestrial, sometimes growing in moist or wet soil 41 40(39). Leaves entire, opposite, often crowded into terminal rosettes Callitrichaceae, p. 84 — Leaves dichotomously dissected, whorled Ceratophyllaceae, p. 115 41(39). Perianth lacking entirely (in some Euphorbiaceae, the involucre has petaloid bracts) 42 — Perianth present 43 42(41). Inflorescence spicate, subtended by a conspicuous petaloid involucre, the whole resembling a single flower Saururaceae, p. 557 — Inflorescence a cyathium (a cupshaped involucre en- closing a cluster of staminate flowers each consisting of single pedicellate stamens, and pistillate flowers, consisting of solitary, 3-lobed pistil), which often bear petaloid appendages and glands Euphorbiaceae, p. 299 43(41). Flowers epigynous Araliaceae, p. 50 — Flowers perigynous or hypogynous 44 44(43). Flowers perigynous, the ovary enclosed in or seated in a hypanthium 45 — Flowers hypogynous, the ovary not enclosed in a hypanthium 48 45(44). Hypanthium campanulate, the 4 sepals apparent as triangular lobes; plants often aquatic or growing in mud, seldom terrestrial Lythraceae, p. 417 — Hypanthium various, the sepals 4 or 5; plants not aquatic or growing in mud, terrestrial 46 46(45). Stipules present; leaves alternate .... Rosaceae, p. 519 — Stipules none; leaves opposite 47 47(46). Stamens 3-5; fruit indehiscent . Nyctaginaeeae, p. 426 — Stamens many; fruit dehiscent by a circumscissile lid Aizoaceae, p. 43 48(44). Perianth showy; sepals and petals both present in bud, but the sepals caducous and represented only by scars during anthesis; plants with milky juice Papaveraceae, p. 450 — Perianth showy or not; plants various but not as above ' 49 49(48). Styles and stigmas single 50 — Styles and stigmas typically more than 1 51 50(49). Perianth neither tubular nor corolla-like Urticaceae, p. 637 — Perianth tubular, corolla-like . . . Nyctaginaeeae, p. 426 51(49). Leaves mostly deeply palmately .5- to 7-lobed or with 5-7 leaflets; flowers imperfect .... Cannabaceae, p. 96 — Leaves mostly entire or shallowly lobed; flowers per- fect or imperfect 52 52(51). Ovary with more than 1 locule 53 — Ovary with a single locule 54 53(52). Leaves opposite Aizoaceae, p. 43 — Leaves alternate, at least aliove . Euphorbiaceae. p. 299 54(52). Leaves opposite; ovules and seeds more than 1 ; fruit a capsule 55 — Leaves alternate or opposite; ()\ ules and seeds soli- tary; fruit an achene or utricle 56 55(54). Capsule opening by means of a circumscissile lid . . Aizoaceae, p. 43 — Capsule opening by valves ... Caryophyllaceae, p. 101 1987 Welsh etal: A Utah Flora, Key 37 56(54). Perianth typically of 6 segments; stamens 3, 6, or 9, stipular sheaths often present (lacking in several gen- era) Polygonaceae, p. 470 — Perianth with 1, 4, or 5 segments, stamens 1, 4, or 5; stipular sheaths not present 57 57(56). Bracts subtending flowers scarious, typically awn- tipped; plants not scurfy Amaranthaceae, p. 44 — Bracts subtending flowers not scarious, not awncd, plants often scurfy Chenopodiaceae, p. 116 Key 2. Corolla of separate petals; stamens more than twice as many as the petals. I . OvaPi' inferior or partly so 2 — Ovar\' superior 7 2(1). Petals numerous; stems thick, succulent, armed with spines or glochids; leaves lacking or caducous Cacfaceae, p. 85 — Petals few; stems not thick and succulent, though occasionally spiny; leaves present and conspicuous during growing season 3 3(2). Ovan.' only partly inferior 4 — Ovary wholly inferior 5 4(3). Leaves opposite; fruit a capsule . . Saxifragaceae. p. 557 — Leaves alternate; fruit a pome Rosaceae, p. 519 5(3). Flowers bright orange -crimson; fruit a leathery berr>- with fleshy seeds Punicaceae, p. 501 — Flowers variously colored, fruit not as above 6 6(5). Plants woody; fruit fleshy Rosaceae, p. 519 — Plants herbaceous; fruit a capsule . . . Loasaceae, p. 413 7(1). Plants aquatic, with floating leaves Nymphaeaceae, p. 430 — Plants terrestrial, sometimes growing in moist or wet soils, but leaf blades not floating 8 8(7). Plants trees or shrubs 9 — Plants herbaceous, or woody at base only 14 9(8). Flowers in cymes, these borne on a wing-like bract; stamens borne in fascicles Tiliaceae, p. 610 — Flowers variously arranged, but not on a winglike bract; stamens not in fascicles 10 10(9). Shrubs or small trees with recurved thorns and pin- nate leaves; fruit a legume Leguminosae (Acacia) , p. 336 — Shrubs or trees without thorns or pinnate leaves; fruit various but not a legume 11 11(10). Stipular scars encircling the stem; perianth parts, stamens, and pistils spirally arranged Magnoliaceae, p. 418 — Stipular scars not encircling the stem; perianth parts and stamens in whorls; pistil usually 1 12 12(1 1). Filaments united into a tube around the pistil Malvaceae, p. 419 — Filaments not united into a tube, distinct, or in clus- ters and more or less united basally 13 13(12). Inflorescence borne on a winglike bract; leaves oblique basally Tiliaceae, p. 610 — Inflorescence never as above; leaves various, but not as above Rosaceae, p. 519 14(8). Sepals 2 (3 in Argemone , and the plants with milkv' juice) 15 — Sepals more than 2; plants with watery juice 16 15(14). Sepals persistent; plants somewhat succulent Portulacaceae, p. 493 — Sepals caducous; plants not succulent Papaveraceae, p. 450 16(14). Filaments united into a tube around the pistil Malvaceae, p. 419 — Filaments not united into a tube, distinct or in clus- ters and united at the base 17 17(16). Maturing ovary open apically, the seeds exposed; flowers irregular Resedaceae, p. 518 — Maturing ovary closed apically, the seeds not ex- posed, flowers usually regular 18 18(17). Stamens attached to the margin of a hypanthium ... 19 — Stamens attached at base of ovary 20 19(18). Hypanthium 8- to 12-ribbed; stems usually 4-angled Lythraceae, p. 417 — Hypanthium not ribbed; stems not as above Rosaceae, p. 519 20(18). Leaves opposite Guttiferae, p. 314 — Leaves alternate or basal, but still alternate 21 21(20). Plants robust, glabrous, glaucous perennials; sepals leathery; flowers often 2-4 cm wide or more Paeoniaceae, p. 450 — Plants various, but not as above in all respects 22 22(21). Leaves compound, with 3-5 leaflets; ovarv' short- stipitate Capparaceae (Polanusia) , p. 97 — Leaves various, but not as above; ovary sessile .... Ranunculaceae, p. 503 Key 3. Corolla of separate petals; stamens few, not more than twice as many as the petals. 1 . Flowers with more than 1 pistil or the pistil so deeply lobed as to appear so 2 — Flowers with a single pistil 7 2(1). Plants succulent, fleshy Crassulaceae, p. 242 — Plants not succulent 3 3(2). Plants monoecious trees, the flowers borne in glo- bose, unisexual heads; leaves palmately lobed Platanaceae, p. 355 — Plants herbs, shrubs, or trees, typically with perfect flowers, these not borne in globose heads; leaves various 4 4(3). Flowers 3-merous; plants weak annual herbs Limnanthaceae, p. 411 — Flowers 5-merous; plants various 5 5(4). Plants evergreen shrubs Celastraeeae (Forsellesia), p. 114 — Plants various hut, if shrubs, seldom if ever ever- green 6 6(5). Stamens inserted on a hypanthium; flowers perig\'- nous Rosaceae, p. 519 — Stamens inserted at base of ovar\-; flowers h>pog\- nous Ranunculaceae, p. 503 7(1). Plants usually with tendrils, trailing vines, monoe- cious Cucurbitaceae, p. 289 — Plants lacking tendrils, or if tendrils present the flow- ers perfect, usually not trailing (except in Passiflo- raceae) 8 8(7). Styles 2-5, distinct to near the base 9 — Style 1 (or lacking), sometimes lobed or divided at the apex 24 9(8). Plants trees, shrubs, or vines 10 — Plants herbaceous 16 38 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 9 10(9). Leaves scalelike Tamaricaceae, p. 610 — Leaves not scalelike, the blades typically well devel- oped 11 11(10). Ovary inferior 12 — Ovary superior 13 12(11). Flowers in umbels; leaves palmately compound or palmately lobed Araliaceae, p. 50 — Flowers in racemes; leaves simple, variously veined and lobed Saxifragaceae, p. 557 13(11). Plants tendrillate vines; flower with a many-rayed, multicolored corona; ovary stipitate; styles 3 Passifloraceae, p. 453 — Plants shrubs or trees, lacking tendrils; flowers and ovaries various but not as above; styles 1 or 2 14 14(13). Leaves alternate; fruit a drupe . . . Anacardiaceae, p. 46 — Leaves opposite 15 15(14). Plants mainly less than 0.5 m tall, to be sought in San Juan County; fruit a capsule .... Frankeniaceae, p. 306 — Plants mainly 2-8 m tall or more; fruit a samaroid schizocarp Aceraceae, p. 41 16(9). Plants aquatic Haloragaceae, p. 314 — Plants terrestrial 17 17(16). Ovary inferior (partly so in some Saxifragaceae) 18 — Ovary superior 19 18(17). Flowers in umbels; fruit a schizocarp Umbelliferae, p. 613 — Flowers variously disposed, but not in umbels; fruit a many-seeded capsule or berry . . . Saxifragaceae, p. 557 19(17). Leaves compound; leaflets 3 Oxalidaceae, p. 449 — Leaves simple 20 20(19). Leaves opposite 21 — Leaves alternate 22 21(20). Sepals and petals 4-7; placentae 2-4, parietal Frankeniaceae, p. 306 — Sepals and petals typically 4 or 5; placentae free-cen- tral or axile Caryophyllaceae, p. 101 22(21). Sepals 2; plants succulent Fortulacaceae, p. 493 — Sepals more than 2; plants not succulent 23 23(22). Flowers irregular; capsule open at the top before maturity Resedaceae, p. 518 — Flowers regular; capsules opening at maturity Caryophyllaceae, p. 101 24(8). Ovary inferior 25 — Ovary superior (sometimes enclosed by, but not ad- nate to, the floral tube) 29 25(24). Plants shrubs or subshrubs; leaves rough-hairy; petals hispid dorsally; known from Washington County Loasaceae, p. 413 — Plants variously woody or herbaceous; leaves not rough hairy; petals typically glabrous; distribution various 26 26(25). Plants herbaceous 27 — Plants woody shrubs 28 27(26). Flowers 4-merous Onagraceae, p. 434 — Flowers 5-merous Saxifragaceae, p. 557 28(26). Leaves opposite; flowers in cymes; stamens 4 Cornaceae, p. 24 1 — Leaves alternate; flowers solitary or in racemes; sta- mens 5 Saxifragaceae, p. 557 29(24). Plants trees or shrubs 30 — Plants herbaceous (sufifrutescent in some Pvrolaceae) ' 48 30(29). Flowers irregular 31 — Flowers regular 35 31(30). Petals 3, the lower 2 forming a keel Polygalaceae, p. 470 — Petals 4 or 5, the lower 2 sometimes forming a keel . 32 32(31). Flowers papilionaceous, the lower 2 petals often united and forming a keel; fruit a legume Leguminosae, p. 336 — Flowers not papilionaceous, the lower 2 petals not forming a keel; fruit a 3- valved, frequently 1-seeded capsule, or a spiny, 1-seeded pod 33 33(32). Flowers yellow, borne in panicles in midsummer . . Sapindaceae, p. 556 — Flowers variously colored or displayed, borne in springtime 34 34(33). Plants low-growing shrubs; leaves simple; stamens usually 4 Krameriaceae, p. 327 — Plants large shrubs or trees; leaves palmately com- pound; stamens 5-8 Hippocastanaceae, p. 315 35(30). Leaves compound, with 2 or more leaflets 36 — Leaves simple, sometimes deeply divided or parted . 42 36(.35). Leaves bipinnate; flowers purplish . . Meliaceae, p. 424 — Leaves once pinnate; flowers variously colored 37 37(36). Leaves trifoliolate, alternate; fruit a samara with the wing continuous around it Rutaceae, p. 546 — Leaves usually not trifoliolate; fruit various but, if samaroid, the wing not continuous around the seed and the leaves opposite 38 38(37). Leaves opposite 39 — Leaves alternate 40 39(38). Leaflets 3-9 or more; fruit a samara; plants usually trees; leaves deciduous .... Oleaceae (Fraxinus), p. 431 — Leaflets 2; fruit not a samara; plants shrubs; leaves persistent Zygophyllaceae (Larrea), p. 646 40(38). Leaflets with few to several rounded teeth, these bearing a subcircular gland; trees malodorous; fruit of samaras Simaroubaceae, p. 604 — Leaflets variously toothed to entire, but not bearing circular glands if toothed; trees or shrubs not espe- cially malodorous; fruit of berries or legumes 41 41(40). Leaves with leaflets spiny-toothed; sepals usually 6 in 2 whorls; petals usually 6 in 2 series; stamens 6 or 12 Berberidaceae (Mahonia ), p. 55 — Leaves not with spiny-toothed leaflets; sepals usually 5; petals 5 or fewer; stamens 5 or 10 Leguminosae, p. 336 42(35). Plants subshrubs at most; fruit stipitate Cruciferae (Stanleya), p. 243 — Plants trees or shrubs; fruit not stipitate (except in Rutaceae, which has entire, caducous leaves and blue flowers) 43 43(42). Flowers blue, 8-14 mm long; herbage glandular- punctate, strongly odoriferous; fruit stipitate Rutaceae (Thamnosttui). p. 546 — Flowers variously colored, usually not blue, usually less than 8 mm long; herbage not glandular-punctate; fruit not stipitate 44 44(43). Plants with leaves modified as spines (foliage leaves in their axils), thi'sc s()n\('tinu's 3-prongod; perianth conspicuous, usually 9- to 12-parted; fruit a berry; ovary 1-loculed Berberidaceae (Berberis), p. 55 1987 Welsh etal: A Utah Flora, Key 39 — Plants not spiny, or if so, not as above; perianth usually inconspicuous, usually 8- to 10-parted; fruit a capsule or a drupe; ovary 2- to ,5-loculed 45 45(44). Plants woody vines (lianas), typically with shaggy bark; leaves palmately veined or compound Vitaceae, p. 645 — Plants not woody vines; leaves various 46 46(45). Leaves leathery, evergreen; plants cultivated shrubs or small trees; fruit a globose, usually brightly colored berrylike drupe Aquifoliaceae, p. 50 — Leaves thin, mainly deciduous; plants cultivated or indigenous; fruit variously shaped but seldom if ever brightly colored 47 47(46). Stamens opposite the petals; ovary 2- or 3-loculed Rhamnaceae, p. 518 — Stamens alternate with the petals or more luunerous; ovary 2- to 5-loculed Celastraceae, p. 1 14 48(29). Sepals2or3 49 — Sepals 4, 5, or more 53 49(48). Plants succulent Portulacaceae, p. 493 — Plants not succulent or not especially .so 50 50(49). Plants minute annual herbs with opposite leaves . . . Elatinaceae, p. 295 — Plants of various duration; leaves alternate or basal and still essentially alternate 51 51(50). Sepals caducous; stamens 6-12; leaves entire Papaveraceae, p. 450 — Sepals persistent; stamens 6; leaves dissected 52 52(51). Petals 4, in 2 unlike pairs; stamens diadelphous, in 2 sets of 3 Fumariaceae, p. 306 — Petals 3, alike; stamens in 1 set Limnanthaceae, p. 411 53(48). Flowers irregular 54 — Flowers regular 58 54(53). Petals typically 3; stamens commonly 8 Polygalaceae, p. 470 — Petals mostly 5; stamens typically 10 or 5 55 55(54). Flowers papilionaceous; fruit a legume Leguminosae, p. 336 — Flowers not papilionaceous; fruit a capsule or separat- ing into 3 indehiscent, 1-seeded carpels at maturity . . 56 56(55). Plants typically evegreen, sometimes suffrutescent; anthers opening by apparently terminal pores Pyrolaceae, p. 501 — Plants not evergreen or, if so, not otherwise as above . 57 57(56). Leaves peltate; fruit separating into 3, indehiscent, 1-seeded segments at maturity . Tropaeolaceae, p. 611 — Leaves not peltate; fruit a 1-loculed, 3-valved cap- sule Violaceae, p. 641 58(53). Leaves compound or deeply pinnatifid 59 — Leaves simple 62 59(58). Leaves mostly basal, deeply pinnatifid Geraniaceae, p. 311 — Leaves alternate or opposite 60 60(59). Leaves opposite; leaflets 3-16 (but. if 3, these more or less spine-tipped) .. Zygophyllaceae (rrifoti/ui), p. 646 — Leaves alternate; leaflets usually 3 61 61(60). Stamens 10; herbage with a sour taste Oxalidaceae, p. 449 — Stamens 2-6; herbage with a sharp, biting flavor . . Capparaceae, p. 97 62(58). Flowers imperfect; fruit an achene; plants with oppo- site leaves and stinging hairs or alternate and without stinging hairs Urticaceae, p. 637 — Plants various, but not as above 63 63(62). Plants miinite annual herbs with opposite leaves, growing in mud Elatinaceae, p. 295 — Plants various, but leaves alternate or mainly so .... 64 64(63). Sepals and petals 4; stamens 6 (4 plus 2), 4, or rarely 2 Cruciferae, p. 243 — Sepals and petals mostly 5; stamens 5-10 65 65(64). Leaves with stipules; carpels tailed at maturity, sepa- rating from the base as 1 -seeded, indehiscent seg- ments Geraniaceae. p. 31 1 — Leaves lacking stipules; carpels various but if as above, not long tailed 66 66(65). Ovary 10-loculed, with 1 ovule per locule Linaceae, p. 412 — Ovary 2- to 5-loculed 67 67(66). Plants annual; leaves dissected; fruit 5-seeded, breaking into indehiscent nutlets Limnanthaceae, p. 411 — Plants perennial; leaves simple or .scalelike; fruit a many- seeded capsule Pyrolaceae, p. 501 Key 4. Corolla of united petals. 1. Ovary inferior or partly so 2 — Ovary superior 14 2(1) Stamens more than 5; anthers opening by terminal pores Ericaceae, p. 296 — Stamens 5 or fewer (if more as in Adoxa , the sepals 2-3); anthers not opening by terminal pores 3 3(2). Stamens united by the anthers 4 — Stamens separate 7 4(3). Plants usually tendril bearing; flowers monoecious; fruit a pepo Cucurbitaceae, p. 289 — Plants not tendril bearing; flowers usually perfect, at least some; fruit a capsule or an achene 5 5(4). Flowers not in involucrate heads; stamens not adnate to the corolla Campanulaceae, p. 84 — Flowers in involucrate heads; stamens adnate to the corolla 6 6(5). Calyx cup-shaped, 4-lobed, persistent on the ach- enes; receptacular bracts awn-tipped Dipsacaceae, p. 294 — Calyx consisting of a pappus of hairs, scales, or awns; receptacular bracts lacking or, if present, not as above Compositae, p. 131 7(3). Basal leaves ternately compound, long-petioled 8 — Basal leaves not ternate and long-petioled 9 8(7). Plants aquatic or semiaquatic; leaflets 2-9 cm long or more Menyanthaceae, p. 424 — Plants terrestrial; leaflets less than 2 cm long Adoxaceae, p. 43 9(7). Leaves alternate 10 — Leaves opposite or whorled 11 10(9). Plants woody, trees or shrubs or, if herbaceous, the leaves doubly compound Araliaceae. p. 50 — Plants herbaceous, the leaves simple Campanulaceae, p. 84 11(9). Stamens 1-3; flowers irregular; plants frequently ill scented Valerianaceae, p. 638 — Stamens 4 or 5; flowers regular or irregular 12 12(11). Herbs with ovary 1-loculed; flowers in involucrate heads; fruit an achene Dipsacaceae, p. 289 — Herbs or shrubs with ovary 2- to 5-loculed; flowers not in involucrate heads; fruit not an achene 13 40 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 9 13(12). Shrubs with broad leaves; ovary 3- to 5-loculed; leaves opposite or perfohate, not whorled or with stipules Caprifoliaceae, p. 98 — Shrubs or more usually herbs, if shrubs, the flowers in globose heads; ovary 2-loculed; leaves opposite and having stipules, or whorled and lacking them . . Rubiaceae, p. 543 14(1). Stamens more than 5 15 Stamens 5 or fewer 23 15(14). Corolla segments distinctly united, cup- or tube- shaped 16 — Corolla segments not distinctly united, usually united only near the base or only part of the segments united 18 16(15). Pistils more than 1; stamens twice as many as the petals Crassulaceae, p. 242 — Pistil 1 per flower; stamens the same number as the petals 17 17(16). Anther opening by a terminal pore; plants green . . . Ericaceae, p. 296 — Anther opening by a longitudinal slit; plants green or not Pyrolaceae, p. 501 18(15). Corolla irregular 19 — Corolla regular 21 19(18). Petals 5; fruit a legume Leguminosae, p. 336 — Petals 3 or 4; fruit not a legume 20 20(19). Leaves entire; petals 3 Folygalaceae, p. 470 — Leaves dissected; petals 4, in 2 unlike pairs Fumariaceae, p. 306 21(18). Flowers minute, in dense heads or spikes; stamens 10 to many; fruit a legume Leguminosae, p. 336 — Flowers not as above; fruit various but not a legume . 22 22(21). Filaments united well above the base; stamens many; leaves simple Malvaceae, p. 419 — Filaments united only at the base; stamens 10; leaves compound Oxalidaceae, p. 449 23(14). Plants parasitic, devoid of chlorophyll 24 — Plants usually not parasitic, possessing chlorophyll . . 25 24(23). Flowers regular, minute; stems slender, trailing, twining, yellow or orange vines . . . Cuscutaceae, p. 291 — Flowers irregular; stems erect, not trailing or twin- ing, yellow or purplish herbs . . Orobanchaceae, p. 448 25(23). Corolla irregular 26 — Corolla regular 31 26(25). Ovary with 1 ovule per locule, appearing 4-loculed, often 4-lobed; fruit consisting of 4 indehiscent, 1-seeded nutlets 27 — Ovary with more than 1 ovule per locule, usually neither 4-loculed nor 4-lobcd; fruit a capsule 28 27(26). Ovary 4-lobed; style arising between lobes, cleft apically Labiatae, p. 328 — Ovary not or only slightly 4-lobed; style arising from apex of ovary, not cleft apically . . . Verbenaceae, p. 639 28(26). Plants acjuatic; leaves often dissected; corolla spurred; stamens 2 Lentibulariaceae, p. 411 — Plants usually terrestrial or, if a(iuatic, other than above 29 29(28). Plants trees or shrubs; .seeds winged; capsule nar- rowly cylindrical to cigar shaped , . Bignuniaceae, p. 58 — Plants herbaceous or woody only at base; seeds not winged; capsules various, but not as above 30 .30(29). Plants strongly viscid-pubescent; fruit a woody cap- sule with 2 recurved, thorn-like appendages, 6-15 cm long or more Pedaliaceae, p. 453 — Plants usually not viscid-pubescent; fruit not as above Scrophulariaceae, p. 567 31(25). Trees with blackish, reticulately patterned bark; corolla urceolate, typically 4-merous; fruit a several- loculed berry; calyx persistent on the fruit Ebenaceae, p. 294 — Trees, shrubs, or herbs; corolla various but typically 5-merous; fruit various, the calyx not persistent, or the plants herbaceous 32 32(31). Plants with milky juice (watery in some Apocy- naceae); pistil of 2 carpels, these separate at base, united by stigmas and/or styles 33 — Plants usually without milky juice; pistil various, but never as above 34 33(32). Styles united; stamens appressed around the stigma, but free from it Apocynaceae, p. 47 — Styles distinct below; stamens adnate to the stylar column Asclepiadaceae, p. 51 34(32). Ovary 1-loculed, 1-ovuled; style and stigma 1; fruit hard, dry; apparent corolla actually a calyx subtended by an involucre Nyctaginaceae, p. 426 — Ovary and fruit various but not as above; corolla and calyx both present 35 35(34). Stamens as many as the corolla lobes and opposite them; flowers often (but not always) in umbels .... Primulaceae, p. 497 — Stamens as many as, or fewer than, the corolla lobes and alternate with them; flowers seldom if ever in umbels 36 36(35). Corolla small (2 mm long or less), scarious, veinless; capsule opening by a lid; leaves parallel veined or nearly so Plantaginaceae, p. 453 — Corolla various, but not as above; capsule usually not opening by a lid, or the fruit not a capsule; leaves usually distinctly net veined 37 37(.36). Ovary 4-lobed, 4-loculed; fruit consisting of 1-4 nutlets at maturity Boraginaceae. p. 59 — Ovary not 4-lobed, 1- to 3-loculed; fruit a capsule or a berry 38 38(37). Style with 3 stigmatic lobes; ovary 3-loculed; fruit a 3-valved capsule Polemoniaceae, p. 455 — Style not with 3 stigmatic lobes; ovary 1- to 2-loculed; fruit not as above 39 39(38). Ovary 1-loculed 40 — Ovary usually with 2 or more locules 41 40(39). Leaves opposite or whorled, entire; style 1 or none; plants mostly glabrous; inflorescence not scorpioid Centianaceae. p. 307 — Leaves usually alternate or, if opposite, not entire; styles 2 or single and 2-cleft apically; plants mostly hairy; inflorescence usually scoqiioid Hydrophyllaceae, p. 316 41(39). Stems trailing or twining; leaves often hastately or sagittalely lobed Convolvulaceae, p. 240 — Stems not trailing or twining; leaves seldom if ever hastately or sagittalely lobed 42 42(4 1 ). Styles 2 or 2-branched apically; fruit a capsule; plants herbaceous (except Eriodictyon) Hydrophyllaceae, p. 316 — Style 1; stigma entire or merely lobed apically; fruit a capsule, drupe, or berry; plants herbs, shrubs, or small trees 43 1987 Welsh etal: A Utah Flora, Aceraceae 41 43(42). Stamens 2 44 — Stamens more than 2, or others represented by staminodes 46 44(43). Plants herbaceous Scrophulariaceae (Veronica), p. 567 — Plants woody 45 45(44). Leaves alternate Ericaceae, p. 296 — Leaves opposite Oleaceae, p. 431 46(43). Shrubs; leaves opposite or whorled Buddlejaceae, p. 84 — Shrubs, herbs, or rarely trailing vines; leaves alter- nate 47 47(46). Hypanthium present, 4-angled ... Lythraceae, p. 417 — Hypanthium lacking 48 48(47). Plants coarse, hairy, biennial herbs; inflorescence a dense spike of yellow flowers Scrophulariaceae (Verhascum) , p. 567 — Plants shrubs, herbs, or trailing vines; inflorescence various but not a dense spike 49 49(48). Flowers 4-merous; plants shrubs or small trees, ev- ergreen; leaves coriaceous Aquifoliaceae, p. 50 — Flowers 5-merous; plants herbs or shrubs, typically deciduous; leaves thin, not especially coriaceous . Solanaceae, p. 604 ACERACEAE A. L. Juss. Maple Family Trees or shrubs; leaves opposite, simple, or compound; flowers perfect, imperfect, or polygamous, regular, small, in lateral or terminal racemes, corymbs, or pani- cles; sepals 4-6, distinct or connate; petals 4-6, distinct or lacking; stamens 4-12, usually 8, the filaments dis- tinct, arising from a disk or this lacking; pistil L the ovary superior, 2-loculed (rarely more); styles 2; fruit a flat, samaroid schizocarp; x = 13. Acer L. Leaves simple and usually palmately lobed and veined or pinnately to palmately compound; flowers inconspicu- ous; fruits with 2 wings, often falling as a unit. Note: The genus is represented by numerous cultivated and three native species, which also occur in cultivation. The plants persist following cultivation and occasionally become esabhshed. The vibrant display of colorful foliage in au- tumn by the members of this genus is outstanding. Keller, A. C 1942. Acer glabrum and its varieties. Amer. Midi Nat. 27; 491-500. 1. Leaves compound 2 — Leaves simple 3 2(1). Leaves pinnately 3- to 7-foliolate; plants dioecious, indigenous and cultivated A. negundo — Leaves palmately 3-foliolate; plants polygamous, in- digenous, seldom cultivated A. glabrum 3(1). Leaves with tips of lobes rounded; trees small, rounded, cultivated ornamentals A. campestre — Leaves with lobe tips bluntly to sharply acute to acuminate or attenuate; trees or shrubs, cultivated or indigenous 4 4(3). Trees flowering before the leaves appear in late win- ter or early spring; flowers from buds of the previous year 5 — Trees flowering as the leaves appear or after; flowers variously disposed 6 5(4). Petals lacking; sepals connate, the calyx merely lobed; leaves often deeply cut (more than halfway to base); bark of upper branches silvery white; common in cultivation A. saccharinum — Petals present; sepals distinct; leaves seldom incised to the middle; bark not especially silvery white; un- common in cultivation A. rubrum 6(4). Leaves palmately 7- to 9-lobed 7 — Leaves palmately 3- to 5-lobed 8 7(6). Blades cut more than halfway to the base, the lobes narrowed below the middle, long-acuminate A. palmatum — Blades cut to about 1/4 the distance to the base, the lobes not narrowed below, short-acuminate A. circinatum 8(6). Terminal lobe of leaf at least twice longer than broad A. gintwla — Terminal lobe of leaf less than twice longer than broad 9 9(8). Leaves mainly less than 8 cm wide; plants indige- nous, rarely cultivated 10 — Leaves mainly 8-20 cm wide; plants cultivated 11 10(9). Leaves glabrous, the sinuses narrow; sepals distinct, glabrous; petals commonly present A. glabrum — Leaves pubescent beneath, viith broadly rounded sinuses; sepals more or less connate, pubescent; petals lacking A. grandidentatum 11(9). Sinuses between principal lobes sharply angled; leaf lobes and teeth mostly blunt; inflorescence a raceme or panicle, much longer than broad A. pseudoplatanus — Sinuses between principal lobes rounded; leaf lobes and teeth acuminate to acute 12 12(11). Samara wings widely diverging, essentially horizon- tal; plants with milky juice; leaf lobes attenuate-aris- tate; commonly cultivated A. platanoides — Samara wings more or less pendulous; plants with watery juice; leaf lobes bluntly attenuate-acuminate apically; uncommonly cultivated A. saccharum Acer campestre L. Hedge Maple. Small rounded trees mainly 3-6 m tall; bark corky, fissured; trunks mainly 2-4 dm thick; leaves 3-10 cm wide, 3- to 5-lobed, the lobes usually entire, rounded, green on both surfaces, puberu- lent along the veins, ciliate; flowers greenish, borne in corymbs; sepals green, narrowly oblong, 2.5-3 mm long, long hairy, colored like the petals and subequal to them, narrowly oblanceolate; samara wings almost horizontally spreading; 2n = 26. Sparingly cultivated landscaping tree in Cache and Utah counties; widely grown in the U.S.; introduced from Eurasia; 11 (0). Acer circinatum Pursh Vine Maple. Small trees, mainly 1-6 m tall, sometimes reclining; branchlets slen- der, glabrous or sparsely pilose; leaves 5-12 cm wide, 7- to 9-lobed, the sinuses extending 1/4-1/3 to the middle, glabrous or hairy along the veins above, green above, paler beneath; flowers few, borne in corymbs; sepals red purple, 4-6 mm long; petals shorter than the sepals, greenish or whitish; samaras glabrous, the wings almost horizontal; n = 13. Cultivated specimen plants; sparingly grown in Utah County; British Columbia to California; 2 (0). 42 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 9 Acer ginnala Maxim. Amur Maple. Small shrublike trees, mainly 2-6 m tall; branchlets slender, glabrous; Ieafblades3-I2cm long, 1.5-7.5 cm wide, 3-lobed, the terminal lobe more than twice longer than broad, doubly serrate, glabrous or sparing long hairy, green above, paler beneath; flowers corymbose; sepals greenish, 1.8-2.2 mm long, ovate-oval; petals white, subequal to the sepals; samaras sparingly long hairy and glandular, the wings strongly descending; 2n = 26. Frequently grown orna- mental in Salt Lake and Utah counties; widely grown in the U.S.; introduced from Asia; 5 (0). Acer glahrum Torr. Rocky Mountain Maple. [A. tri- partitum Nutt; A. glahrum var. tripartitum (Nutt.) Pax; A. neornexicanum Greene; A. glahrum var. neojnexi- canum (Greene) Kearney & Peebles; A. glabrum ssp. neomexicanum (Greene) E. Murray]. Shrubs or small trees, mainly 2-8 m tall; herbage essentially glabrous; leaves palmately 3- to 5-lobed or 3-foliolate, mainly 2-8 cm wide, the lobes or leaflets rather sharply doubly ser- rate, acute apically; flowers in corymbose cymes, polyga- mous or dioecious; sepals greenish, 3-5 mm long; petals greenish, subequal to the sepals (rarely wanting?); sama- ras glabrous, the wings strongly descending. Pinyon-ju- niper, mountain brush, sagebrush, ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, lodgepole pine, and spruce-fir communities at 1675 to 3175 m in all Utah counties; Alaska south to California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Nebraska; 82 (xii). The phase of the species with small thickish leaves grow- ing in Juab, Millard, and Beaver counties (at least) are assignable to var. diffusum (Greene) Smiley [A. diffusum Greene; A. glahrum ssp. diffusum (Greene) E. Murray]. The remainder probably best fit within var. gUibrum. Acer grandidentatum Nutt. Bigtooth Maple. [A. sac- charum var. grandidentatum (Nutt.) Sudw.; A. saccha- rum ssp. grandidentatum (T . &c G.) Desmarais; A. saccha- rum ssp. grandidentaturn var. trilohum E. Murray, type from Ephraim Canyon]. Small trees, mainly 4-8 m tall; herbage more or less villous to puberulent at least on lower leaf surfaces; leaves palmately 3- to 5-lobed, mainly 2. 5- 10 (13) cm wide, lobed to near the middle, the lobes with few coarse teeth or lobes or almost entire; flowers in corymbose cymes, on pendulous elongate pedicels mainly 15-30 mm long, often long-hairy near the apex; sepals 3-5 mm long, greenish, broadly rounded, connate to near the middle or above; petals lacking; sama- ras more or less long-hairy, the wings descending to spreading; 2n = 26. Oak, oak-maple, sagebrush, Douglas fir, and white fir communities at 1280 to 2810 m in all Utah counties, except Daggett, Emery, and Wayne; Idaho and Wyoming, south to Nevada, Arizona, Mexico, and Oklahoma; 107 (vii). This plant is a principal compo- nent of the mountain brush community in Utah. Acer negundo L. Boxclder. (A. interior Britt. in Britt. & Shafer; A. negundo var. interior (Britt.) Sarg. ; A. ne- gundo ssp. interior (Britt.) Love & Love; A. kingii Britt. in Britt. & Shafer, type from the Wasatch Mts.]. Trees mostly 4-12 m tall, dioecious; branchlets velvety hairy or glabrous; leaves piimately 3- to 7-f()liolatt', or rarely twice compound; leaflets mostly 2- 10 cm long and 12-25 mm wide, usually coarsely toothed or lobed, hairy to glabrous on one or both surfaces, especially along the veins; flowers on drooping, very long pedicels, the stami- nate in subumbellate clusters, the pistillate in racemes; sepals 4 or 5, very small, mostly 1-2 mm long; petals lacking; stamens long-exserted, lacking in pistillate flow- ers; ovary glabrous or hairy, lacking in staminate flowers; fruits usually glabrous, the wings descending- spreading; 2n = 26. Riparian and palustrine communities at 850 to 2440 m in all Utah counties (except Davis and Piute); widespread in the U.S. and southern Canada, south to Central America; 107 (xv). A few of our cultivated speci- mens, those with glaucous and glabrous branchlets, are probably referable to var. interior (Britt.) Sarg. The plants are common in cultivation but because of insect infestations and other problems they have the reputation of being "dirty trees." Acer palmatum Thunb. Japanese maple. Small trees, mainly 3-7 m tall; branchlets slender, glabrous or nearly SO; leaf blades 3-9 cm long, 2.5-10 cm wide, 5- to 9 (usually 7) -lobed, the lobes lanceolate tapering to the sinuses, serrate to doubly so, loosely and sparingly long hairy when young, finally glabrate or hairy in lower vein axils; flowers corymbose; sepals reddish, 2.2-2.6 mm long, cuneate- oblanceolate; petals drab purplish, shorter than the sepals; samaras sparingly long-hairy to glabrous, the wings almost horizontally spreading; n = 13. Culti- vated ornamentals in Utah County; widely offered in nurseries, and grown through much of the U.S.; 7 (ii). Acer platanoides L. Norway Maple. Trees, mainly 6-15 m tall; branchlets slender, glabrous; leaf blades mainly 3-15 cm long and 5-18 (22) cm wide, 5- to 7-lobed, the lobes often again lobed or toothed, each lobe or tooth attenuate-aristate, glabrous above, hairy in lower vein axils; flowers corymbose; sepals greenish, 5-6 mm long, oval-oblong, glabrous; petals yellowish green, sur- passing the sepals, glabrous; staminal filaments glabrous; samaras sparingly hairy to glabrous, the wings almost horizontally spreading; 2n = 26. Cultivated shade and ornamental trees in Cache, Juab, Millard, Salt Lake, Tooele, Uintah, and Utah counties; widely grown in the U.S.; introduced from Eurasia; 48 (0). The specimens examined include numerous horticultural forms, includ- ing purple-leaved and variegated phases. Acer pseudoplatanus L. Sycamore Maple. Trees, mainly 6-15 m tall; branchlets slender, glabrous; leaf blades mainly 4-13 cm long and 5-18 cm wide, usually 5-lobed, the lobes again bluntly serrate or doubly so, rather abruptly and bluntly acuminate apically, glabrous above, hairy along veins and sometimes overall below; flowers racemose or paniculate; sepals greenish, 1.4-2.5 mm long, ovate to lance-oblong, ciliate; petals greenish, linear, shorter or subequal to the sepals; staminal fila- ments hairy; fruit long hairy, becoming glabrate, the wings spreading- descending; 2n = 52. Commonly grown shade trees in Cache, Salt Lake, Sanpete, Tooele, and Utahcounties; widely grown in the U.S.; introduced from Eurasia; 15 (i). Acer ruhrum L. Red Maple. Trees, mainly 5-15 m tall; branchlets slender, glabrous; leaf blades mainly 2.5-8 cm long and 2-9 cm wide, 3- to 5-lobed, the lobes again doubly serrate or shortly lobed, the apex rather abruptly acuminate, glabrous above, hairy in vein axils below; flowers umbellate from buds of previovis season; sepals puqilish, 3-3.5 mm long, oblanceolate; petals purj^lish, subecjual to the petals; samaras glabrous, the wings de- scending to descending-spreading. Uncommonly grown shade and ornamental trees in Box Elder, Salt Lake, and I'tah counties; indigenous in eastern U.S.; 10 (0). Acer saccharinum L. Silver Maple. Trees, mainly 10-20 ni tall; branchlets slender, glabrous; leaf blades mostly 1987 Welsh etal.: A Utah Flora, Adoxaceae. Aizoaceae 43 6-14 cm long and 6-15 cm wide, usually 5-l()l)cd, the lobes again doubly-serrate and long attenuate apically, the sinuses obtuse, glabrous or sparingly hairy on one or both sides; flowers corymbose, borne on long-hairy pedicels, from buds of the previous season; calyx campaiuilate, rather shallowly to deeply 5-lobed, 4-5 mm long; petals lacking; staininal fila- ments hairy; samaras hairy, the wings rather strongly pendu- lous. Shade trees, rather common, mainly in older plantings in probably all of lower elevation areas of Utah; indigenous in eastern U.S.; 22 (i). Several horticultural forms are repre- sented. The silvery-white bark of upper branches are often diagnostic for our plants. The trees suffer from iron chlorosis in Utah and probably because of this affliction they are grown less often than formerly. Acer saccharum L. Sugar Maple. Trees mainly 8-15 m tall; branchlets slender, glabrous; leaf blades mostly 4-18 cm long and 3.5-22 cm wide, usually 5-lobed, glabrous above, hairy in leaf axils below, the lobes entire or with few rounded to blunt teeth, the sinuses rounded, the lobes bluntly attenuate- acuminate apically; flowers corymbose on pedicels mainly 15-40 mm long, these glabrous or long-hairy apically; sepals 3-5 mm long, greenish, broadly rounded, carinate to near the middle or above; petals lacking; samaras glabrous, the wings descending-spreading; 2n = 26. Uncommonly grown shade tree in Cache and Utah counties; introduced from eastern U.S.; 6 (0). This is the sugar maple of commerce. ADOXACEAE Trautv. Moschatel Family Small, perennial herbs from scaly rhizomes; stems erect, with a single pair of opposite, palmately veined and lobed leaves and 1-3 basal, long-petiolate, ternately com- pound leaves; flowers regular, perfect, borne in heads; sepals 2 or 3 (4); petals united, the corolla rotate, 4- to 5-lobed; stamens 8-10, distinct; anthers 1-loculed; fila- ments inserted in pairs in the sinuses of the corolla lobes; pistil 1, the ovary partly inferior, 4- or 5-loculed, each with a single ovule; styles 4 or 5, short; fruit a dry berry with 4 or 5 nutlets; x = 9. Adoxa L. Inconspicuous rhizomatous herbs; leaves ternately compound or palmately lobed, petiolate; flowers incon- spicuous, yellowish green, borne in heads; fruit a dry berry. Adoxa moschatellina L.. Moschatel. Plants 0.6-1 8 dm tall, with a musky odor, from rhizomes with fleshy scales; basal leaves 4-16 cm long, the blades ternately com- pound, the 3 leaflets deeply 3-lobed, the lobes again lobed, green and glabrous; cauline leaves opposite, 0.8-4 cm long, the blades palmately lobed, the lobes again lobed or toothed; peduncles 2-5 cm long, glabrous; flow- ers sessile; sepals 1-1.5 mm long, green; petals 1-2 mm long, yellowish green; fruit 2-3 mm long; 2n = 36, 54. Woods and thickets at ca 2440 to 3050 m in the Abajo Mts., San Juan County and reported from the Uinta Mts.; widespread in North America; circumboreal; 1 (0). AIZOACEAE Rudolphi Carpetweed Family Annual or perennial herbs; stems mostly prostrate or ascending, often succulent; leaves simple, opposite or whorled, entire, with or without stipules; flowers solitary or clustered in le;il axils, perfect, regular; calyx 4- to 5-lobed or -parted, the tube free or adnate to the ovary; petals lacking; stamens few to many; anthers small, 2-loculed, linear; ovary 1- to 5-loculed, inferior or supe- rior; styles as many as locules; fruit a capsule; seeds numerous; x = 8, 9. 1. Leaves whorled; capsule loculicidally dehiscent; plants not succulent Mollugo — Leaves opposite; capsule circumscissile 2 2(1). Stipules present; ovary 1- or 2-loculed; seeds several Trianthema — Stipules lacking; ovary 3- to 5-loculed; seeds numer- ous Sesuvium MoUugo L. Annual, nonsucculent, much-branched herbs; leaves whorled; flowers small, perfect, without petals, with long filiform pedicels; calyx 5-parted, persistent, white in- side; stamens 3-5, hypogynous; ovary 3-loculed, supe- rior; capsule ovoid to ellipsoid, thin-walled, 3-valved, loculicidally dehiscent; seeds numerous. Mollugo cerviana (L.) Ser. Carpetweed. [Pharnaceum cervianum L. ]. Stems very slender, 4-10 (15) cm long, prostrate; leaves glaucous, linear, 5-10 in a whorl, the basal ones linear-spatulate, 3-15 mm long; flowers whorled; pedicels filiform; sepals ca 1.5 mm long; cap- sules subglobose; seeds 0.4-0.5 mm long; 2n = 18. Sandy sites in pinyon-juniper woodland at ca 1300 m in Kane County (Atwood 3101 BRY); Arizona to California; 1 (0). Sesuvium L. Annual or perennial succulent herbs with prostrate or ascending stems; leaves opposite, fleshy, without stip- ules; flowers perigynous, solitary in leaf axils, sessile or with short thick pedicels; calyx tube turbinate, adnate below on the ovary, 5-lobed, usually homed on the back near the apex; petals none; stamens 1 to many; ovary 2- to 5-loculed, with as many styles; capsule membranous, ovoid, circumscissile; seeds stalked, smooth or rarely rugose, minute, many in each cell. Sesuvium verrucosumRaf. Seapurslane. [S. sessile au- thors, not Pers.]. Perennial, glabrous, freely branched herbs; stems 1-5 dm long, papillose; leaves broadly spat- ulate to linear, 1-4 cm long, the base narrowed and clasping, fleshy; flowers subsessile, 8-10 mm long; sepals 5-7 mm long, scarious-margined, short-homed near the apex; stamens numerous; capsule ca 5 mm long; seeds black, shining, ca 1 mm long. Low saline or alkaline areas and in riparian habitats in Grand, Millard, Salt Lake, San Juan, Uintah, Utah, and Wayne counties; California to Colorado, Missouri, Arkansas, Texas, and northern Mex- ico; 25 (ii). Trianthema L. Prostrate, annual herbs; leaves opposite, in unequal pairs; stipulate; flowers solitary, axillary; floral tube short; sepals 5; petals lacking; stamens 5-10, perigynous; ovary truncate, 1- or 2-loculed; styles 1 or 2; capsules shortly cylindric or turbinate, 1- to 5-seeded, tardily circum- scissile, the upper part usually with 2 rounded marginal crests; seeds reniform, roughened. Trianthema portulacastrum L. Horse Purslane. An- nual succulent herbs, branching from the base, prostrate 44 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 9 to decumbent, to 5 dm long or more; leaves broadly obovate to suborbicular or the smaller ones narrower, rounded to emarginate or apiculate, the blades mainly 1-4 cm long and 0.8-3 cm wide, with smaller ones on lateral branchlets; stipules scarious; flowers sessile and usually solitary in leaf axils; calyx lobes ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, ca 2.5 mm long, pink purple within, with a dorsal appendage near the apex; capsules ca 4 mm long, the winged appendages at the apex prominent; seeds ca 2 mm wide. Waste places at ca 850 m in Washington County; widespread in southern U. S.; Central America; Old World; 1 (i). AMARANTHACEAE A. L. Juss. Amaranth Family Annual herbs; leaves simple, entire, alternate or oppo- site; flowers perfect or imperfect, inconspicuous, with 3 dry, scarious, persistent, pungent bracts; calyx commonly of 5 persistent, usually scarious sepals; petals none; sta- mens as many as the sepals; pistil 1, the ovary superior, 1-loculed, usually with 2 or 3 stigmas; fruit a utricle, indehiscent or circumscissile; x = 6-13, 17-1-. 1. Leaves largely opposite; plants white stellate-hairy . . Tidestromia — Leaves alternate; plants nearly or quite glabrous to villous or pilose 2 2(1). Pistillate flowers lacking a perianth, more or less con- cealed by broad, cordate, spine-tipped, scarious-mar- gined bracts; plants rare in Kane County . . Acanthochiton — Pistillate flowers with a perianth, not obscured by bracts; bracts slender; plants of various distribution and abundance 3 3(2). Stamina! filaments distinct; ovary with 1 ovule; plants weedy and widespread . Amaranthus — Staminal filaments united at the base; ovary with 2 or more ovules; plants cultivated, rarely escaping . . . Celosia Acanthochiton Torr. Glabrous annual dioecious herbs; stems striate, green and white, erect or decumbent-ascending, branched; leaves alternate; staminate flowers in clusters, borne in spikes, the perianth of 5 sepals; pistillate flowers with perianth obscured, subtended by cordate bracts, these finally spiny-margined. Acanthochiton wrightii Torr. Hopiweed; Green Stripe. [Amaranthus acanthochiton (Vorr.)SaueT]. Plants mainly 1-5 dm tall, erect, the branches decumbent or ascending, striate; leaves alternate, 1.5-8 cm long, 2-12 mm wide, linear to narrowly lanceolate, rounded api- cally, cuneate or linear to narrowly lanceolate, rounded apically, cuneate or attenuate basally, white-veined be- neath, marginally wavy and crisped, with petioles 3-15 mm long; staminate flowers with bracts 2-3 mm long, the midribs prominent; sepals 5, of 2 lengths, the inner 2.5-3 mm long, the outer 3-4 mm long, apiculate; stamens 5, the anthers 4-loculed; pistillate flowers concealed by rigid, cordate bracts, these with usually 5 sepals each 4-5 mm long, with crenate margins; ovary ovoid, somewhat compressed, with 3 style branches; utricle ca 2 mm long, circumscissile; seeds erect, obovoid, 1-1.3 mm wide, lenticular, brown. Vanclevea community at ca 1340 m in Kane County (Atwood & Kaneko 3360, 3360a BKY); Ari- zona to Texas and Mexico; 2 (0). Amaranthus L. Glabrous annual monoecous or dioecious herbs; stems prostrate to erect; leaves alternate; flowers in dense ter- minal or axillary clusters, each subtended by 3 conspicu- ous green or red to purple bracts; sepals 2-5 (rarely 1), distinct; stamens 5 (1 or 3), distinct; anthers 4-loculed (apparently 2-loculed following dehiscence); ovary 1-loculed, with 2 or 3 stigmas; ovules 1; utricle 1-seeded, circumscissile to indehiscent; seeds erect, lenticular, lus- trous. 1. Sepals of pistillate flowers broadened upward, the calyx more or less urceolate; plants dioecious A . palmeri — Sepals of pistillate flowers more or less attenuate api- cally, the calyx not urceolate, plants monoecious 2 2(1). Inflorescence of terminal and axillary spicate panicles .. 3 — Inflorescence of axillary spicate glomerules only 4 3(2). Pistillate sepals elliptic to narrowly lanceolate, the mar- gins not overlapping; plants common weeds . A . retroflexus — Pistillate sepals elliptic-obovate to broadly spatulate, the margins overlapping; plants uncommonly grown ornamentals, rarely escaping A . hypochondriacus 4(2). Leaves deeply and broadly emarginate apically; bracts and perianth inconspicuous; plants uncommon A. lividus — Leaves rounded to retuse apically; bracts and perianth various; plants common or uncommon 5 5(4). Sepals 4 or .5; stems prostrate; seeds ca 1.5 mm wide A. blitoides — Sepals 1-3; plants of various habit; seeds less than 1 mm wide 6 6(5). Sepals of pistillate flowers 2 or 3, but only 1 well devel- oped; stems prostrate; plants uncommon . . A . californicus — Sepals of pistillate flowers 3, about equal; stems ascend- ing to erect; plants common and widespread .... A. albus Amaranthus albus L. Pale Amaranth. Monoecious (rarely perfect) annuals, the main stem erect, the branches spreading or ascending, 1.5-10 dm tall; herbage pale green to whitish, glabrous, puberulent, or villous; leaves alternate, the petioles 3-40 mm long, the blades elliptic, oblong, spatulate, or obovate, mainly 1-7 cm long, cuneate basally, rounded to mucronate-cuspi- date apically, the veins prominent; flowers in axillary clusters, usually shorter than the petioles; bracts green, rigid, 2-4 mm long, pungent, spreading; sepals 3, the staminate oblong, cuspidate, scarious, the pistillate oblong to linear, acute, 1-veined, often tinged with red; stamens 3; style branches 3; utricle circumscissile, rugose, exceeding the perianth; seed lenticular, 0.6-0.9 mm wide, dark brown, lustrous; 2n = 32. Weedy plants of open sites and cultivated land in probably all Utah coun- ties; widespread in temperate North America; adventive from tropical America; 21 (iii). Amaranthus blitoides Wats. Prostrate Pigweed. [A. Ii,raecizans authors, not L. ]. Monoecious annuals; stems 1-6 dm long, prostrate, branched mainly from the base, glabrous or sparingly hairy; herbage pale green or whitish, sometimes tinged with red or purple; leaves alternate, the petioles 2-20 nun long, the blades obovate to oval, spatulate, or elliptic, mostly 8-40 mm long, cuneate to attenuate basally, rounded to acute apically, prominently veined; flowers in dense clu.sters, these usu- ally shorter than the petioles; bracts oblong to lanceolate. 1987 Welsh etal; A Utah Flofl^, Amakanthaceae 45 subequal to the sepals, spinose; sepals 4 or 5, the staminate scarious, ohloiig, acute, the pistillate oblong, 2.5-3 mm long, 1-veined, green with white margins; stamens 3; style branches 3; utricle circumseissile; seeds 1.3-1.5 mm wide, black, shining or dull; 2n 32. Weedy species of open sites and cultivated land at 790 to 2565 m in probably all Utah counties; widespread in temperate North America; Mexico; Europe; 41 (iii). Amaranthus californicus (Moq.) Wats. C^alifornia Ama- ranth. [Meiificd californica Mocj.]. Mosth' monoecious annu- als; stems 0.6-5 dm long, prostrate, branched from the base; herbage glabrous, whitish or tinged red; leaves alternate, the petioles 2-18 mm long, the blades 3-25 mm long, obovate to oblong, obtuse to rounded apically, cuneate to acute basally, the veins and margins white; flowers in axillary clusters; bracts lanceolate, subulate-aristate, subetjual to the sepals; sepals in staminate flowers (2) 3, membranous, elliptic to lanceolate or oblong, mucronate, in pistillate flowers usually 1, inconspicuous; stamens 3; utricle irregularly dehiscent; seeds 0.6-0.9 mm wide, dark brown. Mud flats of Dry Lake, Cache County (Neese 12392 BRY); Alberta to Idaho, south to California and Texas; 1 (0). Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. Grain Amaranth; Princes Feather. [A. leucocarpus Wats.; A. caudatus authors, not L.]. Annual, mostly monoecious herbs; stems erect, mainly 8-15 dm tall, glabrous, green or suffused with red; leaves alternate, the petioles subequal to the blades, these 2-10 cm long or more, elliptic to ovate, lanceolate, or oblong, acute apically, obtuse to acute basally; flowers in terminal panicles, with nodding or pendulous spikes, usually red; sepals of pistillate flow- ers with margins overlapping, obovate to spatulate; seeds ca 1 mm long, dull white to brown. Occasionally culti- vated ornamental in lower elevation portions of Utah, rarely escaping; Arizona to Texas, south to Central Amer- ica; Asia, Africa; 1 (0). This is one of the grain amaranths grown as potherbs and cereal crops in Central America and elsewhere. Another grain amaranth, A. cruentus L., the purple amaranth, is also grown in Utah. It has erect purplish panicles. Amaranthus lividus L. [A. blitum L.]. Monoecious annuals; stems mainly 5-9 dm tall, erect, glabrous, whitish or greenish; leaves alternate, the petioles 5-40 mm long, the blades rhombic to orbicular or ovate, macu- late above, cuneate basally, emarginate to almost trun- cate apically; flowers in axillary clusters; bracteoles less than half as long as the perianth, ovate and wide at the base, acute; sepals 3 (5), oblong or linear to spatulate; utricle indehiscent; seeds brown, shining, ca 1 mm wide; 2n = 34. Moist site adjacent to Utah Lake, Utah County (Thome 93 BRY); adventive from Europe; 1 (0). Amaranthus palmeri Wats. Palmer Amaranth. Dioe- cious annuals; stems 6-10 dm tall, branched throughout, glabrous or villous; leaves alternate, the petioles slender and long, the blades 1-6 cm long, ovate to lanceolate, cuneate to rounded basally, acute or shortly acuminate apically; flowers borne in terminal and axillary clusters or panicles; bracts 4-6 mm long, much surpassing the sepals; staminate flowers with 5 stamens and 5 sepals; pistillate flowers with 5 recurved sepals; styles usually 2 (3); utricle circumseissile; seeds 1-1.3 mm wide, dark brown; n = 17. Open sites at ca 1400 m in Davis County; adventive from the southwestern U.S.; 1 (0). Specimens of A. fimbriatus (Terr.) Benth [Serratia berlandieri var. fimbiata Torr. ] have recently been collected in Washing- ton County. They differ from A. palmeri in having the calyx of female flowers fimbriate. Amaranthus retroflexus L. Redroot Pigweed. Annual monoecious heriis; stems erect, 0.6-1.5 dm tall or more, puberulent to villous, white-striped or suffused with red; leaves alternate, long-petiolate, the blades mainly 1-8 cm long, usually hairy (at least on veins beneath), lanceolate to ovate, obtuse to acute basally, rounded to acute api- cally; flowers in dense terminal or axillary paniculate spikes; bracts ovate, subulate apically, at least the longest much surpassing the flowers; sepals of staminate flowers ovate to lanceolate, acute, scarious, those of pistillate flowers narrowly oblong, rounded to truncate apically, usually emarginate and often mucronate, scarious; sta- mens 5; style branches 3; utricle circumseissile, surpa.ssed by the longest sepals; seeds ca 1 mm wide, dark brown or reddish; 2n = 34. Weedy species of gardens, other culti- vated land, and open sites at 850 to 2440 m in probably all Utah counties; adventive from Central America, wide- spread in North America; 34 (v). Some specimens from Utah have been identified as A . hybridus L. , a taxon that hybridizes with A . retroflexus . However, none of the specimens examined appear to be A . hybridus , which differs inter alia in having pistillate sepals shorter than the fruit to slightly longer and tapering to a terminal awn-tip. Some of our material shows variation encompasing both A. retroflexus and A. hybridus within the same speci- men. Celosia L. Annual herbs; stems erect; leaves alternate; flowers perfect, borne in terminal or axillary spikes or in axillary clusters, commonly white, silvery, or colored, each one subtended by a bract and paired bractlets; sepals 5, scari- ous, striate; stamens 5, connate basally; ovary with 2 to several ovules; seeds 2 to several, lenticular, lustrous, often erect. Celosia argentea L. Cockscomb. Stems mainly 3-10 dm tall, erect, glabrous; leaves 1.5— 10 cm long, or more, lanceolate to ovate or linear, obtuse to acute basally, long-attenuate apically; panicle terminal or some axillary, mainly 2-20 cm long, varicolored; sepals 6-19 mm long, silvery or varicolored; style ca 3 mm long, exserted at maturity; seeds 2 to several, lustrous, 1-1.4 mm wide; 2n = 36, 72. Cultivated ornamentals, occasionally escaping in Utah; introduced from Central America; 3 (0). The f cristata (L. ) Kuntze [C . cristata L. ] has cristate inflores- cences. Tidestromia Standley Annual or perennial herbs; stems prostrate or ascend- ing; herbage stellate-hairy; leaves opposite, petiolate; flowers perfect, clustered in leaf axils; bracts and bractlets scarious, pubescent; sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate, the bracteate subtending leaves finally hardened and more or less connate, forming an involucre; stamens 5, the fila- ments connate basally, forming a short cup, with or with- out intervening staminodia; anthers 2-loculed, appar- ently 1-loculed at dehiscence; ovary short, the style with a capitate, simple or 2-lobed stigma; ovule 1; utricle indehiscent. 1. Plants annual; staminodia short or lacking; sepals mainly 1.5-3 mm long T . lanuginosa — Plants perennial; staminodia cahalfas long as the stamens; sepals mainly 1-1.5 mm long T . oblongifolia Tidestromia lanuginosa (Nutt.) Standley Espanta Va- queros. [Achyranthes lanuginosa Nutt.]. Annual pros- 46 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 9 trate-spreading herbs to 10 dm wide; herbage gray green to white; leaves with petioles 0.5-2.5 cm long, the blades 5-40 mm long, ovate to orbicular or obovate, rounded to obtuse apically, cuneate to rounded basally, densely stel- late hairy on both sides, finally glabrate; flower clusters axillary, subtended by involucrate leaves; perianth mainly 1.5-3 mm long, inconspicuous; seeds ca 0.5 mm wide. Warm, sand, and salt desert shrub communities at 915 to 1315 m in Kane, San Juan, and Washington coun- ties; Nevada and California, east to South Dakota, and south to Mexico; 5 (i). Tidestromia oblongifolia (Wats.) Standley [Cladothrix oblongifolia Wats.]. Perennial decumbent to ascending (or erect) herbs, sometimes woody at the base, and with thick woody taproots; stems 2-6 dm long; leaves short- petioled, the blades 5-40 mm long, ovate to elliptic or orbicular, obtuse apically, rounded to acute basally, densely stellate on both sides; flower clusters axillary, the involucrate leaves finally hardened and connate basally; perianth mainly 1-1.5 mm long; staminodia present, ca half as long as the filaments; seeds ca 0.5 mm long. Creosote bush community at 850 to 1300 m in Washing- ton County; Nevada, California, and east to Texas; 3 (0). ANACARDIACEAE Lindl. Cashew Family Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, simple, trifoliolate, or pinnately compound; flowers perfect or imperfect, regular, small, borne in terminal or axillary spikes or panicles; sepals 3-5, connate below, sometimes fused with the ovary; petals 3-5 or lacking, distinct; stamens usually 5 or 10; pistil 1, the ovary superior, 3-carpellate, unilocular, with a single functional ovule, the styles 2 or more; fruit a drupe; x = 7-16. 1. Leaves simple 2 — Leaves trifoliolate or pinnately compound 3 2(1). Leaves entire; panicles with plumose pedicels . . . Cotinus — Leaves toothed or lobed; panicles lacking plumose pedicels Rhus 3(1). Leaflets 3, mainly 5-11 cm long; fruit whitish to yellow- ish, glabrous Toxicodendron — Leaflets 5-13 or more or, if 3, mainly 2-5 cm long 4 4(3). Leaf rachis very narrowly winged; petioles puberulent; leaflets 5-9, leathery, obtuse; street trees of Washing- ton County Pistacia — Leaf rachis not winged or, if so, broadly winged; leaflets not leathery, acuminate; shrubs of broad distribution Rhus Cotinus Adanson Shrubs or small trees, polygamous or dioecious; leaves alternate, the blades simple, entire, estipulate; flowers in large loose panicles, small, greenish or yellowish, the pedicels of sterile flowers elongating, clothed with long, spreading, multicellular hairs; sepals 5, short; petals 5, inconspicuous; stamens 5; drupe small. Cotinus coggygria Scop. Smoke Tree. Plants mainly 2-3.5 m tall; branchlets brownish; leaves simple, entire, the blades 1.7-5 cm long, 1-3.5 cm wide, orbicular to broadly elliptic or oval, glabrous, prominently veined; panicles terminal, many-flowered; sepals green; petals yellowish green, 1.2-1.5 mm long; pedicels long-hairy, the crosswalls red to purplish; drupe seldom produced; n = 30. Cultivated ornamental, persisting, in towns and cities at lower elevations in Utah; introduced from Eurasia; 5 (0). Pistacia L. Small to medium dioecious trees, with a turpentine resin; leaves alternate, pinnately compound; flowers apetalous, small, borne in axillary panicles; staminate flowers with 1 or 2 sepals; stamens 3-5; pistillate flowers with 2-5 sepals; ovary 1-loculed; style 3-cleft; fruit a dry drupe. Pistacia atlantica Desf. Pistacio. Trees, mainly 5-10 m tall; branchlets brownish; leaves odd-pinnately com- pound, with 5-9 lanceolate, thickish, obtuse leaflets; leaf rachis very narrowly winged; petioles puberulent; petals lacking; drupes reddish to blackish, glabrous, thin- fleshed. Cultivated street trees and established in Wash- ington County; introduced from Europe; 3 (i). It seems possible that these plants were introduced as rootstocks for the pistacio of commerce, P. vera L. , which persists in cultivation and has escaped in the vicinity of Leeds, Washington County; 1 (i). A lone pistillate tree survives along a roadside south of Leeds. It was part of an orchard destroyed in construction of the highway. The pistacio is successfully grown at Littlefield, Arizona. Rhus L. Shrubs or small trees with milky or resinous juice, polygamous or dioecious; leaves alternate, simple, trifoli- ate, or odd-pinnately compound, estipulate; flowers small, borne in small axillary spikes or panicles or large terminal panicles; sepals 5; petals usually 5; stamens 5; ovary 1-loculed; styles 3; fruit a thinly fleshy to dry drupe. Barkley, F. A. 1937. A monographic study ofRhus and its immediate allies in North and Central America, including the West Indies. Ann. Mis- souri Bot. Card. 24: 265-498. Barkley, F. A. 1940. Sf/ir7Ui/<;ta . Amer. Midi. Naturalist 24: 647-665. 1. Leaves simple or trifoliolate R. aromatica — Leaves pinnately compound with 5 or more leaflets .... 2 2(4). Rachis of leaf winged; plants cultivated R. copalUna — Rachis of leaf not winged; plants cultivated or indige- nous 3 3(2). Branchlets glabrous and glaucous; plants indigenous and cultivated R. glabra — Branchlets densely hairy, with long straight hairs and .shorter glandular ones; plants cultivated R. typhina Rhus aromatica Ait. Skunkbush. Shrubs, mainly 0.5-2.5 m tall, spreading, forming small to large clumps or thickets; branchlets brown, becoming gray in age, densely puberulent; leaves simple and pinnately to sub- palmately lobed or trifoliate, the leaflets 0.8-9.3 cm long, and 0.6-7 em wide, lobed, ciliatc, glabrous or puberulent on one or both sides; petioles puberulent; flowers in dense spikes or in short spicate panicles, mainly on short lateral branches, rarely terminal, yellowish, developing prior to the leaves, 2-3 mm long; sepals ca 1-1.5 mm long, often reddish; drupes red orange, 5-8 mm long. There are two indigenous phases of this species complex 1987 Welsh et al. : A Utah Flora, Anacardiaceae, Apocynaceae 47 in Utah. They are ecologically correlated, but with inter- mediates along the ecotones. Examples of introduced phases, not herein identified to infraspecific category, are present in cultivation. I. Leaves simple, merely pinnately to subpalmately lobed, often coriaceous; plants of xeric sites mainly in southeast- ern and southwestern Utah, rarely elsewhere R . aroinatica var. simpUcifolia — Leaves trifoliolate, thin, seldom if at all coriaceous; plants of mesic sites, widespread R. aromatica var. trilobata Var. aimplicifolia (Greene) Cronq. [Rhus canadensis var. simplicifolia Greene; R . trilobata var. simplicifolia (Greene) Barkley; R . utahensis Goodding, type from Dia- mond Valley; Schmaltzia affinis Greene, type from Kanab]. Blackbrush, mixed desert shrub, and pinyon-ju- niper communities in xeric sites, often on rimrock, at 975 to 1925 m in Emery, Garfield, Grand, Kane, San Juan, Tooele (north of Ibapah), Washington, and Wayne coun- ties; Arizona and Colorado; 40 (ix). Var. trilobata (Nutt.) Gray [R . trilobata Nutt. ex T. & G.; fi. trilobata var. anisophijlla Jepson]. Stream banks and terraces, seep and spring margins, and on mesic slopes, mainly in riparian communities, at 885 to 2380 m in all Utah counties (except Rich and Summit); Alberta to Iowa, south to California, Mexico, and Texas; 142 (xxvii). The branchlets are supple and have been used by Indians prehistorically for tying and in basketry. The fruits are edible, but the seeds are large and the flesh thin. Rhus copallina L. Shining Sumac. Shrubs or small trees, mainly 2-4 m tall; branchlets villous-tomentose to glabrous; leaves 15-35 cm long; leaflets 7-11, sessile or the apical one petiolulate, lance-elliptic to lanceolate, glabrous or sparingly hairy, mainly 2.5-8 cm long, acute to acuminate; rachis winged; inflorescence to 12 cm long and about as broad; flowers greenish; fruit ca 4 mm long, with red glandular hairs. Cultivated ornamentals in lower elevation portions of Utah; introduced from the eastern U.S.;2(0). Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac. [R. nitens Greene, type from Provo; R . cisinontana Greene]. Shrubs, mainly 1—3 m high; branchlets glabrous and glaucous; leaves mainly 10-30 cm long; leaflets 7-21 or more, lanceolate to lance-oblong, mainly 1.5-8 cm long, acuminate, ser- rate, the rachis not winged; inflorescence 7-15 cm long or more and 3-15 cm wide, puberulous; fruit red, viscid- hairy, ca 4 mm long; 2n = 30. Desert shrub, riparian, juniper, and mountain brush communities at 1095 to 2290 m in Box Elder, Cache, Davis, Grand, Kane, Millard, Salt Lake, San Juan, Wasatch, and Washington counties; widespread in North America; 29 (i). The smooth sumac occurs in disjunct stands, often in dry sites, in widely scattered locations. It is a common species in ornamental plantings in Utah. Rhus typhina L. Velvet Sumac; Staghorn Sumac. Shrubs or small trees, mainly 2.5-5 m high; branchlets densely pubescent with mixed straight and glandular hairs; leaves mainly 15-35 cm long; leaflets 11-31, oblong-lanceolate, 5-10 cm long, acuminate, serrate or laciniate, the rachis not winged; flowers greenish, in dense terminal clusters 7-20 cm long; fruit red, hairy; 2n = 30. Cultivated ornamental in lower elevation regions of the state; persisting; introduced from the eastern U.S.; 2 (0). We have both the dissected-leaved cultivar "lacini- ata" and the common phase with merely serrate leaflets. Toxicodendron Miller Dioecious shrubs; leaves alternate, trifoliolate; flowers in axillary thrysoid panicles or racemes; sepals 5, persis- tent, connate below; petals 5, veined, smaller in pistillate flowers; drupes subspherical, whitish to yellowish, glabrous. Gillis. W T 1960 Tauxonomic problems in poison ivy PrcK'. Michigan Acad. Sci. 4,5; 27-34. 1970. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and poison-oaks {Toxicodendron. Anacardiaceae) Rhodora 73; 72-1.59. 161-237, 370-443. 465-.540. Toxicodendron rydbergii (Small) Greene Poison Ivy. [Rhus rydbergii Small ex Rydb. ; R . radicans var. rydber- gii (Small) Rehder; R . toxicodendron var. rydbergii (Small) Garrett; T . radicans var. rydbergii (Small) Ersk- ine; T. longipes Greene, type from near Glenwood]. Shrubs, mainly 1-3 dm tall (rarely more); stems simple or sparingly branched, puberulent; leaves long-petiolate; leaflets 3 (rarely 4 or 5), the lateral leaflets often oblique, unequally lobed and smaller than the terminal; terminal leaflet 2-11 cm long, 1.5-10 cm wide, ovate to orbicular and toothed, acuminate, glabrous or puberulent mainly along the veins beneath, petiolulate; sepals ca 1 mm long, greenish; petals 2-3 mm long, yellowish, with dark veins; fruit subglobose, cream to yellow, 4-7 mm wide, glabrous; 2n = 30. Riparian communities, mesic slopes, and in orchards, at 1125 to 2260 m in Box Elder, Cache, Daggett, Davis, Duchesne, Emery, Garfield, Grand, Juab, Kane, Millard, Salt Lake, San Juan, Summit, Uin- tah, Washington, and Weber counties; Alberta to Nova Scotia, south to Arizona, Te.xas, and Virginia; 18 (vii). This plant produces severe dermatitis in sensitive people; it should be avoided by everyone. The three large leaflets on leaves borne alternate on the stem of low shrubs and the waxy fruit are diagnostic. APOCYNACEAE A. L. Juss. Dogbane Family Shrubs, trailing vines, or herbs, often with milky juice; stems erect or trailing; leaves opposite, alternate, or sometimes whorled, entire, estipulate; flowers regular, perfect, solitary and axillary, or cymose to paniculate; calyx 5-lobed, imbricate in bud, frequently with glandu- lar appendages within; corolla 5-lobed, convolute and often twisted in bud, salverform to urceolate or campanu- late, the tube often with appendages within; stamens 5, alternate with the corolla lobes, inserted on the throat or tube; anthers 4-loculed, often connivent around the stigma; pistil superior, the carpels 2, distinct or united apically, each 1-loculed; style simple or divided; fruit of 2 follicles; seeds commonly comose; x = 8— 12+. Woodson. R. E. 1938. Apocynaceae. N. Amer. Fl. 29; 103-192. 1. Leaves alternate Amsonia — Leaves opposite or whorled 2 2(1). Herbs evergreen, trailing; corolla lavender blue to red- dish purjile; stamens inserted at summit of corolla tube; seeds not comose Vinca — Herbs or shrubs, erect or ascending; corolla white, pink, or scarlet, seldom as above; stamens inserted at base of corolla tube; seeds comose 3 48 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 9 3(2). Corolla 5-8 mm long Apocynum — Corolla 10-30 mm long or more 4 4(3). Plants low perennial herbs from fleshy rootstocks, in- digenous in southeastern Utah Cycladenia — Plants shrubs or small trees, cultivated ornamental . . Neriuin Amsonia Walter Caulescent perennial herbs; stems erect or ascending; leaves alternate or verticillate; flowers many, bluish or pinkish, in terminal compound cymes; calyx 5-parted, the segments equal, acuminate; corolla salverform, the lobes spreading or reflexed; stamens inserted on corolla throat, included; style filiform; follicles terete, torulose, several-seeded; seeds cylindric or oblong, without a coma. Woodson, R. 1928. Monograph of the Genus Amsonia . Ann. Missouri Bot. Card. 15: 379-434. McLaughlin, S. P. 1982. A revision of the southwestern species of ArJisonia Ann. Missouri Bot. Card. 69: 336-350. 1. Follicles not markedly constricted between the seeds; corolla tube 6-10 mm long; leaves ovate, glabrous . . . A . jonesii — Follicles markedly constricted between the seeds; corolla tube 7-12 mm long; leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, glabrous or conspicuously pubescent A . tomentosa Amsonia jonesii Woodson [A . latifolia Jones, type from Monroe Hot Springs]. Perennial herbs, glabrous, 1.5-5 dm tall; lower leaves ovate, 1.4-3 cm wide, the upper ones lanceolate, 0.3-1 cm wide; calyx lobes ovate to lanceolate, 1-4 mm long; corolla tube 6-10 mm long, broadest below the apex, slightly constricted at the open- ing, the lobes 4-8 mm long; follicles 1.5-9 cm long, not constricted between the seeds; seeds cylindrical, corky, 6-8 mm long, 2-2.5 mm wide. Blackbrush, sagebrush, mountain brush, pinyon- juniper and desert shrub com- munities at 1200 to 2150 m disjunctly in Duchesne, Emery, Garfield, Grand, San Juan, Sevier, Uintah, Washington, and Wayne counties; Arizona and Colorado; 30 (xiv). Amsonia tomentosa Torr. & Frem. [A . eastwoodiana Rydb., type from near Moab; A. brevifolia Gray, type from Washington County]. Perennial herbs, glabrous or sparingly to densely tomentose, 2-6 dm tall; lower leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 3-12 mm wide, the upper leaves lanceolate to filiform, 1-5 mm wide; calyx lobes linear, 2-9 mm long; corolla tube 7-12 mm long, broad- est at the apex, constricted at the orifice, the lobes 3-9 mm long; follicles constricted between the seeds, 2-8 cm long; seeds elliptic, corky, 8-21 mm long, 3-6 mm wide. Saltbush, blackbrush, ephedra and desert shrub commu- nities at 950 to 1600 m in Emery, Garfield, Grand, Kane, San Juan, and Wayne counties; Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and Mexico; 72 (xxxi). Our material belongs to var. stenophylla Kearney & Peebles. The typical variety oc- curs to the south of our area in Mohave County, Arizona and should be sought in Washington County. The glabrous phase of the species, long recognized as A . eastwoodiana , difiers in no other perceptible way from tomentose plants with which it grows in much of the range in Utah. This plant simulates Psoralidium junceum and Sphaeralcea janeae in growth form and color, especially at maturity. Apocynum L. Perennial herbs, reproducing asexually from gemmif- erous roots; stems branching; leaves opposite or rarely verticillate, not glandular, often mucronate; flowers small and pale, few to many on short pedicels in terminal or axillary cymes; calyx 5-parted nearly to the base, the lobes equal, scarcely imbricate; corolla campanulate to urceolate or cylindrical, the tube short with 5 small sagit- tate appendages at the base opposite the lobes, the limb 5-parted; stamens attached at corolla base; anthers con- nivent and agglutinated to the stigma, with enlarged narrowly 2-lobed connectives, the pollen grains main- tained within persistent tetrads; ovary of separate carpels; ovules numerous; stigma sessile, mostly ovoid-fusiform; follicles 2, slender, terete; seeds numerous, truncate, comose. Note: At least some species of this genus are considered to be poisonous. 1. Corolla usually at least 5 mm long, pinkish, often more than twice the length of the calyx, the lobes spreading or reflexed; leaves mostly drooping to spreading 2 — Corolla less than 5 mm long, greenish-white to white, usually less than twice the length of the calyx lobes, erect or slightly spreading; leaves ascending 3 2(1). Corolla usually ca 3 times as long as the calyx; leaves drooping A. androsaemifolium — Corolla usually about twice as long as the calyx; leaves spreading A. medium 3(1). Leaves noticeably petiolate, narrowed at the base; folli- cles more than 12 cm long; coma of seeds 2-3 cm long A. cannabinum — Leaves sessile or nearly so, cordate at base; follicles less than 12 cm long; coma of seeds 1-2 cm long A. sihiricum Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Spreading Dog- bane. Stems erect or ascending, 2-5 dm tall, glabrous, freely and dichotomously branched; leaves petiolate, drooping, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 2-10 cm long, 1-6 cm wide, glabrous or rarely sparsely pilosulous above, sparsely pilosulous to densely tomentose beneath; calyx lobes ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2-5 mm long, glabrous or rarely minutely pilosulous; corolla tubular to campanu- late, 5-12 mm long, the lobes white, usually with pinkish veins, widely spreading or reflexed, glabrous externally; foUicles 6-15 cm long, pendulous or erect at maturity. 1. Corolla campanulate, dilating apically; follicles pendu- lous A. androsaemifolium var. androsaemifolium — Corolla urceolate, not distinctly dilating apically, folli- cles erect A. androsaemifolium var. pumilum Var. androsaemifolium Oak, maple, populus, sage- brush, and spruce-fir communities at 1500 to 3350 m in Beaver, Box Elder, C^ache, Daggett, Davis, Duchesne, Garfield, Grand, Iron, Juab, Millard, Salt Lake, San Juan, Sanpete, Summit, Tooele, Uintah, Utah, Wasatch, Washington, and Weber counties; Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Georgia, Arizona, and Califor- nia; 43 (iii). Var. pumilum Gray Aspen, mountain brush, and conif- erous forest comnnuiities at 2170 to 2650 m in Salt Lake, Utah, and Washington counties; Washington to Montana, south to California, and Wyoming; 5 (0). Apocynum cannabinum L. Dogbane. [A . pubescens R. Br. ; A . suksdorfti Greene; A . cannabinum var. g,laberri- 1987 Welsh etal; A Utah Flor\, Apocynaceae 49 mum A. DC. in DC. ]. Stems erect or a.scending, 3-9 dm tall, the branches opposite or subopposite, herbage glabrous or pubescent; leaves opposite or whorled, petiolate or the lower- most subsessile, ascending or somewhat spreading, ovate to lanceolate, 2- 14 cm long, 1-7 cm wide, glabrous above, more or less densely pilosulous to tomentose beneath, or tomen- tose throughout; calyx lobes lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-4 mm long, glabrous, corolla cylindric to urceolate, 3-6 mm long, white to greenish, the lobes erect or somewhat spreading; follicles 12-20 cm long, glabrous, pendulous at maturity. Roadsides, fields, streambanks and disturbed sites mainly in riparian communities at 970 to 2^550 m in all Utah counties, except Morgan, Rich, and Summit; widespread in the U.S. and Canada; 68 (vi). This species was used as a source of fiber for cordage of fine quality by prehistoric Indians in Utah. Apocynum x medium Greene [A . florihiindum Greene; A . lividum Greene]. Stems erect or ascending, 2-5 dm tall, freely and somewhat dichotomously branched, especially be- low, the branches ascending, alternate or opposite, glabrous to puberulent; leaves opposite, petiolate to subsessile, usu- ally spreading, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 6-10 cm long, 1.5-2 cm broad, occasionally somewhat cordate at the base, glabrous to somewhat puberulent above, more or less pilosu- lous to tomentose beneath; calyx segments ovate to lance- olate, 1.5-4 mm long, glabrous to sparsely pilosulous; corolla campanulate to broadly urceolate, 3-6 mm long, the lobes spreading, white or with pinkish veins; follicles 7- 15 cm long, pendulous at maturity. Mixed deciduous woodlands at mod- erate to lower elevations in Box Elder, Cache, Davis, Garfield, Iron, Juab, Millard, Piute, Salt Lake, San Juan, and Weber counties; widespread in the U. S. ; 15 (ii). This entity is intermediate between A . androsaemifolium and A . can- nabinum . It tends to intergrade with both species and con- sists of hybrids and segregates involving the two species it resembles. Apocynum sibiricum Jacq. Stems erect or ascending, 2-8 dm tall, glabrous, the branches opposite; leaves opposite or rarely whorled, sessile or subsessile, especially on the main stem, those of the upper branches often short-petiolate, as- cending or somewhat spreading, oblong or oblong-lanceolate to oval, 1.5-14 cm long, 0. 3-4. 5 cm wide, obtuse to cordate at base, glabrous; inflorescence dense, bracts usually conspicu- ous and more or less subfoliaceous; calyx segments lanceolate, 2-4 mm long, glabrous; corolla urceolate to short-cylindric, about as long as broad, 3-5 mm long, white or greenish, the lobes erect or somewhat spreading; follicles 4-10 cm long, pendulous at maturity. Canyons, flats, streambanks and road- sides at 1385 to 1895 m in Box Elder, Emery, Juab, Uintah, and Utah counties; Oregon east to Newfoundland, south to California and New Mexico; 6 (0). Segregation of this entity fi-om A . cannabinum is tenuous at best. Specimens vary in shape of leaf bases and degree of petiole development. Even those with cordate bases on lower and middle stem leaves are often shortly petiolate on uppermost leaves. Few plants are collected in fruit, and the value of the shorter fruit as a diag- nostic feature is questionable. Possibly a better course would be to treat all of our material as A. cannabinum. I follow tradition in treating it otherwise. Cycladenia Benth. Perennial caulescent herbs; stems erect or spreading from a deeply set caudex; leaves opposite, broadly petio- late; flowers 2-8 on axillary peduncles; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes equal; corolla funnelform, with small appendages alter- nate with the lobes; stamens borne near base of tube; anthers connivent and sagittate; style filiform, with a conspicuous membraneous collar; ovary surrounded at base by 5 nectaries; follicles 2, separate, terete; seeds comose. Cycladenia humilis Benth. Plants 11-36 cm tall, glabrous and glaucous, the lowermost leaves reduced to subamplexi- caul bracts, enlarging and becoming green upwards; main foliage leaves 3. 5-9. 5 cm long, 2-6.5 cm wide, oval to orbicu- lar or broadly obovatc, tapering abruptly to the broad petiole, thickened, entire, the apex rounded to acute; pedicels 5-25 mm long; bracts Imear-lanceolate, 3-9 mm long; calyx lobes 5-11 mm long, lance-linear, villous-pilose, somewhat accres- cent in fruit; corolla rose purple, dimorphic, either broadly lobed, 23-28 mm long, and 19-31 mm wide or narrowly lobed, 18-21 mm long, and 13-19 mm wide, rose pink, more or less pilose; follicles 4.5-9.5 cm long; seeds brown, ca 7.5 mm long, the coma ca 20 mm long. Eriogonum-ephedra, mixed desert shrub, andjuniper communities at 1340 to 1830 m, in gypsiferous, salTne soils of the Cutler, Summerville, and Chinle formations, in Emery, Garfield, Grand, and Kane (?, taken by Siler in the 1870s, the location unknown) counties; California; 18 (vi). Our material belongs to var. jonesii (Eastw.) Welsh & Atwood [C . jonesii Eastw. , type from San Rafael Swell]. The flowers are dimorphic within the few dis- junct populations known for this entity in Utah. The similar var. venusta (Eastw.) Woodson is a montane plant of talus slopes and rocky places in coniferous forests of California. Our plant is evidently an obligate gypsophile of semibarren tracts on geological formations with poor water relationships. Nerium L. Shrubs or small trees; leaves whorled or rarely oppo- site, leathery; flowers showy, borne in terminal cymes; calyx with glands within near the base; corolla fun- nelform, with a cylindrical tube and campanulate throat, the 5 lobes broad, spreading, and twisted to the right; stamens attached to throat of corolla, included, the fila- ments very short, the anthers with long appendages api- cally and basally, connivent around the stigma and adher- ing to it; ovaries 2, with many ovules in each locale; style filiform; fruit of 2 elongated follicles; seeds comose. Nerium oleander L. Oleander. Evergreen shrub to 5 m tall, nearly glabrous; leaves narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 1-3 dm long and to 3 cm wide, acuminate, tapering at base to a short petiole, dark green above, lustrous, paler beneath; inflorescence subcorymbose; flowers showy, scarlet to yellowish pink or white, freqently double; calyx 5-parted, the segments lanceolate to lance-ovate, 4-6 mm long; corolla glabrous externally, the tube 8-12 mm long, the 5 lobes obliquely obovate to oblong, 2-2.5 cm long, spreading; follicles 2, stout, 8-15 cm long; seeds compressed, densely comose. Cultivated and persisting below 1200 m in Washington County; introduced from the Mediterranean region and the Far East, now widely cultivated and naturalized in warmer areas of North America; (0). This plant is deadly poisonous to animals and man. Vinca L. Erect or more often trailing perennial herbs; leaves opposite; flowers solitary in alternate leaf axils; calyx 50 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 9 5-lobed, the lobes nearly equal; corolla funnelform to salverform, the tube cylindrical, with the 5 lobes twisted to the left, hairy, thickened at the throat, not appendaged within; anthers not connivent, the connective produced apically into an appendage; ovary with 2 alternate nec- taries; ovules numerous; follicles terete, slender; seeds naked. 1. Calyx lobes ciliate; leaves truncate or subcordate at the base V. major — Calyx lobes glabrous; leaves narrowed at the base V. minor Vinca major L. Trailing, slightly woody vines, rooting freely at the nodes; flowering stems and branches erect, 2-3 dm tall; leaves bright green, glabrous, 2-3 cm long, ovate, cordate at the base, obtuse to acute apically, with petioles 0.5-2 cm long, often ciliolate; pedicels slender, 3-5 cm long; calyx lobes subulate, ciliate, ca 1 cm long; corolla blue or violet, the tube 1.5-2 cm or more long. Cultivated and occasionally escaping below 1525 m in Utah and Washington counties; widely grown in the U.S., introduced from Europe; 3 (i). Vinca minor L. Creeping or trailing evergreen herbs; leaves elliptic 1.5-6 cm long, 0.8-2.5 cm wide, obtuse to broadly acute apically, cuneate to acute basally, glabrous, shiny above; petioles 1-2 cm long; flowers solitary, with pedicels 1.5-3 cm long; calyx lobes lance-ovate, acute, to 3 mm long, glabrous; corolla funnelform, bright blue, rarely white, the tube 3-6 mm long, the throat conic to campanulate, 5-7 mm long; follicles slender, 2-7 cm long, rarely produced; n = 46. Cultivated and occasion- ally escaping below 2300 m in Cache, Salt Lake, Utah, and Washington counties; introduced from Europe, now widely grown in the U.S.; 5 (i). AQUIFOLIACEAE Bartling Holly Family Evergreen shrubs or small trees: leaves alternate, sim- ple, coriaceous, armed with spiny teeth; stipules minute, caducous; flowers usually imperfect, regular, small and inconspicous, solitary or few in axillary cymes; sepals usually 4, more or less connate basally; petals usually 4, slightly connate basally; stamens or staminodes usually 4 (to 9), alternate with the petals; pistil 1, the ovary supe- rior, 3- to many-loculed, the carpels as many as the locules; style 1 or lacking; fruit a globose, berrylike drupe with 2-8 bony 1-seeded divisions; x = 9, 10. IlexL. Evergreen; leaves thick and shiny; flowers small, mostly in few-flowered axillary cymes; staminodia usually present in pistillate flowers, a rudimentary pistil present in most staminate flowers; fruit usually brightly colored. Note; Members of this family are known in Utah in culti- vation only. 1. Flowers in axillary clusters on branches of the previous year / . aquifolium — Flowers in solitary cymes on branches of the current year / . opaca Ilex aquifolium L. English Holly. 2n -- 40. Tall shrubs to small trees of ornamental plantings, rare in Utah; intro- duced from the Old World; 3 (0). Ilex opaca Ait. American Holly. Low to moderate shrubs of ornamental plantings, occasionaly in Utah; in- troduced from the eastern U. S. ; 3 (0). ARALIACEAE A. L. Juss. Ginseng Family Herbs, climbing vines, or shrubs to small trees; leaves alternate, simple or compound (or 2- to 3-compound); flowers small, greenish or whitish, umbellate, the umbels simple or in paniculate clusters; calyx small, adnate to the ovary, the lobes minute or lacking; petals 5, typically distinct; stamens 5, alternate with the petals; ovary 1, inferior, 2- to 5-loculed, with 1 ovule per locule; styles 5 and separate or connate throughout; fruit a berry; x = 11, 12+. 1. Plants vinelike, with aerial holdfast roots, clinging to walls and other structures; leaves simple Hedera — Plants herbs or shrubs, lacking aerial roots; leaves pal- mately or pinnately compound 2 2(1). Leaves palmately compound, with 5 or 7 leaflets; plants shrubs Acanthopanax — Leaves pinnately or ternately 1- to 3-compound, with many ultimate segments; plants herbs or small trees Aralia Acanthopanax Miq. Deciduous shrubs; stems armed with spines; leaves alternate, palmately compound; umbels simple or panic- ulate; flowers polygamous or perfect; calyx teeth minute or lacking; petals usually 5; stamens as many as the petals; ovary 2- to 5-loculed; styles free or connate; fruit glo- bose. Acanthopanax sieboldianus Makino Shrubs; branch- lets with nodal spines, grayish; petioles 3-10 cm long; leaflets 5, the terminal one oblanceolate to oblong-obo- vate, 3-7 cm long, 1-2.5 cm wide, toothed, glabrous; umbels solitary on short spurs, the peduncles 5-10 cm long; fruit globose, 6-7 mm long, black (seldom pro- duced). Cultivated ornamental at lower elevations in Utah, persisting; introduced from China; 1 (i). Aralia L. Herbs or small trees; stems spiny or unarmed; leaves large, pinnately or ternately 1- to 3-compound; leaflets serrate; flowers in panicled umbels; calyx minute or lack- ing; stamens 5; petals 5; staminal filaments short; styles free above or throughout; fruit a berr>'. I. Plants indigenous herbs, imarmed, known from Wash- ington County A . racemosa — Plants cultivated small trees; leaf rachis armed with prickles; known from ornamental plantings ... A. spinosa Aralia racemosa L. American Spikenard. Stout peren- nial herbs, mainly 0.5-1.5 m tall; leaves 1-9 dm h)ng or more and about as broad, the 3 primary divisions pin- nately comiiouml; leaflets ovate to orbicular, variable in shape and size on the same leaf, serrate to doubly serrate, acuminate apically, obliciuely cordate basally; inflores- cence a panicle with numerous umbels; fruit purplish black, 4-6 mm thick. Crevices in sandstone and on sandy 1987 Welsh etal.: A Utah Flora, Araliaceae, Asclepiadaceae 51 detritis in the shaded defile of Zion Canyon, at ca 1220 m in Washington County; widespread in the northeastern U.S. and Canada, and southwestward to Arizona and New Mexico. Our material belongs to ssp. bicrenata (Woot. & Standi.) Welsh & Atwood; 3 (ii). Aralia spinosa L. Hercules Club. Small trees, mainly 3-5 m tall; leaves commonly 5-10 dm long, 2- to 3-compound, the leaflets 4-10 cm long, acute to acumi- nate, serrate, acute to rounded basally; petioles and leaf rachis armed with stout prickles; inflorescence panicu- late, with numerous umbels; fruit black (seldom pro- duced). Cultivated botanical curiosity and ornamental of lower elevation cities and towns; introduced from the eastern U.S.; 1(0). Hedera L. Evergreen woody climbers with adventitious holdfast roots along the stems; leaves simple, alternate, often with stellate hairs, estipulate; umbels paniculate; flowers per- fect; caly.x lobes 5, or lacking; petals 5; stamens 5; ovary usually 5-loculed; styles 5, connate; fruit berrylike. Hedera helix L. English Ivy. Stems to 10 m long or more; leaves of various shapes and sizes, but usually 2-10 cm long, and often about as broad, ovate to elliptic, or lobed, the margins undulate to entire; flowers greenish yellow, 4-5 mm across; fruit globose, black, ca 6 mm wide; 2n = 48. Cultivated ornamental, growing on walls of houses and on utility poles, long persisting, in lower elevations of Utah; introduced from Europe; 2 (i). ASCLEPIADACEAE R. Br. Milkweed Family Perennial herbs, vines, or shrubs with milky juice; leaves opposite, whorled, or sometimes alternate, with- out stipules; flowers perfect, regular, umbellate, 5-merous; calyx deeply lobed, the lobes mostly imbri- cate; corolla 5-lobed or -cleft, the lobes commonly val- vate in bud, a 5-lobed crown (corona) usually present between the corolla and stamens and adnate to either or both; stamens 5, inserted on the corolla tube near its base, the filaments monadelphous or distinct, the anthers united and tipped with a scarious membrane inflexed on the summit of the stylar disk; pollen grains united into waxlike or granular poUinia; carpels 2, with superior ovaries and styles but united above by the peltate discoid stigma; fruit of 2 follicles; seeds many, usually with a long coma; X = 9-12. I. Stems not twining Asclepias — Stems twining 2 2(1). Corona lacking; corolla lobes hoodlike Cynanchum — Corona present; corolla rotate or open campanulate .. Sarcostemma Asclepias L. Annual or perennial herbs, with milky juice; stems prostrate to erect; leaves usually opposite, infrequently whorled or irregularly approximate; inflorescence termi- nal or lateral, umbelliformly cymose; calyx lobes 5, equal, divided nearly to the receptacle; corolla rotate, 5-lobed, the lobes reflexed, spreading or rarely erect, the gynoste- gium stipitate to subsessile, the corona of 5 hoods at- tached to the column and subtending the fused anthers, the hoods cucuUate to clavate with various modifications, more or less stipitate to sessile and deeply saccate at the basal attachment to the column, usually bearing an inter- nal horn or crest; anthers 2-locular, with more or less prominent corneous marginal wings enclosing the 5 stig- matic chambers and with membraneous apical ap- pendages; pollinia paired and pendulous from the transla- tor arms, flat and uniformly fertile, enclosing granular pollen with thin hyaline intine; stigma head peltate, more or less pentagonal; fruit a follicle containing many com- pressed comose or rarely naked seeds. Woodson, R. E. 1954. The North American species of Asclepias . Annals Missouri Bot. Ga«i. 41: 1-211. 1. Hoods sessile, the basal attachment deeply saccate, the adnate horn often absent or reduced to an incon- spicuous and isolated crest or terminal appendage ... 2 — Hoods more or less stipitate or substipitate, cucul- late, the basal attachment not deeply saccate; horn commonly present 6 2(1). Hoods sharply deflexed from the anther head; leaves lanceolate A . asperula — Hoods not deflexed from the anther head; leaves variously shaped 3 3(2). Hoods with 2 conspicuous external laminate basal appendages; flowers greenish to cream; leaves linear A . rusbyi — Hoods without external basal appendages or merely keeled laterally; flowers variously colored, but if greenish to cream, the leaves not linear 4 4(3). Hoods closed or nearly so by the involute margins, deeply bifid dorsally; horn absent; sepals and petals greenish to cream; leaves broadly ovate to elliptic, more or less glaucous A . cryptoceras — Hoods fi"eely open above; horn on crest present; sepals and petals pink to purple; leaves ovate or linear 5 5(4). Leaves broadly ovate, 1-3 cm broad; plants densely tomentulose; follicles erect A. ruthiae — Leaves linear, 1-2 mm broad; plants inconspicuously puberulent; follicles pendulous or weakly ascending A . cutleri 6(1). Anther head about as long as broad; column cylindric or conic; horns usually gradually tapered and arching over the anther head 7 — Anther head ca 3/4 as long as broad or somewhat shorter; column broadlly obconic to essentially obso- lete; horns usually abruptly beaked and sharply in- flexed toward or over the anther head 11 7(6). Hoods with sharply incised marginal auricles; corolla orange or yellowish red; plants of southern Utah . . . A . tuberose — Hoods without sharply incised marginal auricles; plants variously distributed 8 8(7). Leaves opposite 9 — Leaves whorled or spirally approximate 10 9(8). Hoods subequal to the anther head; flowers bright pink; plants indigenous, growing in marshes or other wet sites A . incarnata — Hoods 1/3- 1/2 longer than the anther head; flowers bright red; plants cultivated A . curassavica 10(8). Inflorescence paired or clustered at the upper nodes; flowers grayish pink to white; leaves 10-25 mm broad A . fascicularis 52 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 9 — Inflorescence usually solitary at the upper nodes; flowers white; leaves 1-5 mm broad . A . subverticillata 11(6). Hoods gradually rounded to acuminate; horns fused to about the middle of the hood or less 12 — Hoods truncate or very abruptly rounded apically . . 15 12(11). Hoods usually broadly flattened dorsally, usually abruptly constricted to a short basal stipe; plants erect 13 — Hoods narrowly keeled dorsally, sessile or subsessile; plants prostrate to ascending 14 13(12). Hoods widely spreading, 3-4 times as long as the anther head, gradually acuminate A. speciosa — Hoods erect or only slightly spreading 2-3 times as long as the anther head, abruptly acute to acuminate ' A . hallii 14(12). Hoods about twice as long as anther head; leaves lanceolate; plants inconspicuously puberulent A . involucrata Hoods barely longer than anther head; leaves broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate; plants conspicuously to- mentulose A . macrosperma 15(11). Inflorescence sessile or subsessile, the peduncles shorter than the subtending petioles or scarcely longer; leaves broadly oblong, tomentose, at least when young A . latifolia — Inflorescence pedunculate, peduncles much longer than the subtending petioles; leaves variously shaped ' 16 16(15). Leaves narrowly lanceolate, cuneate, 0.6-2.5 cm broad; plants glabrous, occurring in eastern Utah A . labriformis — Leaves broadly lanceolate to obovate or broadly ellip- tic, 2.5-14 cm broad; plants pubescent, of various distribution 17 17(16). Follicles erect on deflexed pedicels, smooth; sepals shorter than the corolla lobes; main leaves ovate, acute apically; plants of Washington County . . A . erosa — Follicles spreading to pendulous on spreading pedicels, with soft subulate processes; sepals sube- qual to corolla lobes; main leaves obovate to elliptic, truncate or rounded apically; endemic to Kane County A . wehhii Asclepias asperula (Decne.) Woodson Spider Milk- weed. [Acerates asperula Decne. in A. DC; A . decum- bens var. erecta Durand, type from vicinity of Great Salt Lake; Asclepias capricornu Woodson]. Low herbaceous perennials from stout rootstocks; stems usually clustered from the rootstock, simple, stout, a.scending or decum- bent, 2-4 (6) dm tall, minutely and roughly pilosulose; leaves 10-20 cm long, 1-3 cm broad, irregularly approxi- mate, short petiolate, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acuminate, sparsely pilosulous; inflorescence terminal and solitary; peduncles 1-10 cm long, stout; flowers rather large; calyx lobes ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 4-5 mm long; corolla rotate, pale yellowish green, occasion- ally tinged with purple externally, the lobes 9-12 mm long; gynostegium sessile, the hoods broadly davate-fal- ciform, abruptly deflexed from the anther head, but with ascending bluntish apices, 8-10 mm long, greenish to purplish, the anther head depressed, ca 2 mm long and 5 mm broad; follicles erect on deflexed pedicels, hisiforni, attemiat(;, 4-13cm long, 1-25 mm broad, smooth. Warm desert shrub, sagebrush, pinyoii-juniper, mountain brush and ponderosa pine communities at 1062 to 2700 m in Beaver, Box Elder, Cache, Daggett, Davis, Garfield, Grand, Iron, Juab, Kane, Millard, Salt Lake, San Juan, Tooele, Uintah, Utah, Washington and Wayne counties; Colorado, Texas to Idaho, Nevada, California and Mex- ico; 64 (iv). Our plants belong to var. asperula. Asclepias cryptoceras Wats. Pallid Milkweed. Herba- ceous perennials; stems decumbent, clustered, stout, somewhat flattened, simple, glabrous, 1-3 dm tall; leaves 4-9 cm long, 4-8 cm broad, opposite, short-petiolate, broadly oval to suborbicular, glaucous, glabrous; inflores- cence terminal or lateral; peduncles lacking or to 7 cm long; flowers large; calyx lobes narrowly lanceolate, 6-7 mm long, glabrous; corolla reflexed-rotate, greenish yel- low, the lobes 10-15 mm long; gynostegium sessile, pale rose, the hoods deeply saccate and decurrent upon the column, conspicuously 2-apiculate, 6-9 mm long, sube- qual to anther head, the horn very inconspicuous and incurved or absent, the anther head 3-3.5 mm long and 4-5 mm broad; follicles erect on erect pedicels, broadly fusiform, 4-7 cm long, 1.5-2.5 cm broad, smooth and glabrous. Blackbrush, saltbush, sagebrush, grassland, and pinyon-juniper communities at 1130 to 2000 m in Carbon, Daggett, Duchesne, Emery, Garfield, Grand, Juab, Kane, San Juan, Sanpete, Sevier, Uintah, and Wayne counties; California to Arizona, Colorado and Wy- oming; 92 (iv). Our specimens belong to var. crypto- ceras . Asclepias curassavica L. Tropics Milkweed. Herba- ceous perennials; stems 3-8 dm tall, somewhat woody below, glabrous or puberulent above; leaves 5-15 cm long, 1.5-4 cm broad, opposite or whorled, short petio- late, oblong to lance-oblong, glabrous, inflorescence axil- lary and terminal; peduncles 2-8 cm long, slender; flow- ers rather large; calyx lobes lanceolate, 2-2.5 mm long; corolla rotate, red purple, ca 3 mm long, the horns broad, curved; follicles erect, fusiform, 4-10 cm long, acumi- nate, pubescent or glabrous; 2n = 22. A greenhouse and summer ornamental in Utah County; native to tropics; 3 (0). Asclepias cutleri Woodson Cutler Milkweed. Small herbaceous perennials; stems slender, weak, simple or branching only from the base, 6-13 cm long, inconspicu- ously puberulent; leaves 3-8 cm long, 1-2 mm wide, irregularly approximate, sessile, filiform, minutely pu- berulent; inflorescence terminal or nearly so, usually soli- tary, sessile; flowers small; calyx lobes lanceolate, ca 3 mm long; corolla reflexed-rotate, pale greenish rose, the lobes ca 5 mm long; gynostegium subsessile, pale rose, the hoods shortly saccate, ca 1.5 mm long, truncate, but with prominent narrow marginal auricles, the horn tonguelike, slightly longer than the hood, the anther head ca 1 mm long and 1.5 nun broad; follicles pendulous to spreading on pcndidous to weakly ascending pedicels, narrowly fusiform, 4-5 cm long, ca 8 nun broad, smooth, glabrous. Sand dunes and gravelK' places in mixed desert shrub and pinyon-juniper communities at 1270 to 1420 m in Grand and San Juan counties; southeastern Utah and Arizona; a Colorado Plateau endemic; 7 (ii). Asclepias erosa Torr. Desert Milkweed. [A. leuco- phijlla Engelm. in l^irry, type from near St. George]. Large herbaceous perennials; stems woody at the base, stout, simple, 10-20 dm tall, tomentose when young, glabrafe with age; leaves 6-24 cm long, 2.5- 1 1 cm broad, sessile, broadly ovate to elliptic-oblong, short acuminate apically, cordate basally, the margins minutely erose, white arachnoid-tomentulose when young, glabrate in 1987 Welsh etaL: A Utah Flora, Asclepiadaceae 53 age, pale green; inflorescences solitary or rarely paired, several at the upper nodes; peduncles 2-12 cm long, tomentulose; flowers large; calyx lobes lanceolate, 4-6 mm long; corolla pale yellowish green, the lobes 9-10 mm long; gynostegiuni short-stipitate, greenish white to cream, the colunui obconic, ca 2 mm long and 3 mm broad, the hoods broadly oval, obtuse apically, ca 4 mm long, the horn strongly adnate, incurved, subeciual to the hood, the anther head truncately conic, ca 3 mm long and 4 mm broad; follicles erect on deflexed pedicels, broadly fusiform, 5-7 cm long, 2-3 cm broad, ajjiculate, apically smooth, glabrous; n = IL Creosote bush, Joshua tree, and blackbrush communities below 1130 m in Washing- ton County; Nevada to Arizona, California and Mexico; 4 (iii). Asclepias fascicularis Decne. in DC. Mexican Milk- weed. Herbaceous perennials from stout woody root- stocks; stems several, 4-10 dm tall, almost always with numerous microphyllous axillary branches, usually pu- berulent in decurrent lines from the nodes, or glabrous; leaves 3-12 cm long, 0.1-2.5 cm broad, opposite or whorled, oblong to linear-lanceolate, glabrous to minutely pilosulose beneath, short-petiolate; inflores- cence paired or clustered at the upper nodes; peduncles slender 2-4 cm long; flowers small; calyx lobes narrowly triangular, 1-1.5 mm long; corolla reflexed-rotate, gray- ish pink or white, the lobes 3-4 mm long; gynostegium narrowly stipitate, grayish pink or white, the column cylindric, ca 1 mm long and broad, the hoods cucullate, oval, ca 1-1.5 mm long, the horn basal, narrowly acicular, ca half longer than the hood, gradually arching over the anther head, the anther head cylindric, ca 1.5 mm long and broad; follicles erect on erect pedicels, narrowly fusiform, ca 5-12 cm long, 0.7-1 cm broad, smooth, glabrous; n = 11. Sagebrush, mountain brush and pinyon-juniper communities at 1270 to 1600 m in Davis, Kane, and Utah counties; Idaho, Nevada, west to Wash- ington, Oregon, and California; 6 (0). Asclepias hallii Gray Hall Milk-weed. Herbaceous perennials; stems mostly simple, 2-5 dm tall densely puberulent to glabrate; leaves 5-15 cm long 1.5-4 cm broad, irregularly approximate, ovate to broadly lance- olate, puberulent beneath, short-petiolate; inflores- cences lateral and solitary at several of the upper nodes; peduncles 1-5 cm long; flowers rather large; calyx lobes lanceolate, ca 3 mm long; corolla reflexed-rotate, pale rose to purple, the lobes 6-8 mm long; gynostegium pale rose to cream, short-stipitate, the column obconic, ca 1 mm long and 1.5 mm broad, the hoods oblong-elliptic, acute, 4.5-5 mm long, the horn adnate about the middle, falciform, abruptly incurved, shorter than the hood, the anther head conic-truncate, ca 2 mm long and 3 mm broad; follicles erect on deflexed pedicels, broadly fusiform, short apiculate, 8-12 cm long, 1-3 cm broad, smooth, puberulent to glabrate. Rocky slopes in sage- brush, mountain brush, pinyon-juniper, ponderosa pine, and aspen communities at 1900 to 3070 m in Emery, Garfield, Grand, Kane, Morgan, Utah, and Washington counties and probably elsewhere in the state; Wyoming and Colorado to Nevada and Arizona; 5 (0). Most of the county records are reported by Woodson (1954). Asclepias incarnata L,. Swamp Milkweed. Herbaceous perennials from short rootstocks; stems stout, 4-15 dm tall, simple to much branched; leaves 7-18 cm long, 0.5-3 cm broad, linear-lanceolate, acute to acuminate apically, obtuse basally, short-petiolate; inflorescences coimnonly paired at the upper nodes, solitary below; peduncles 1.5-7 cm long; flowers small; calyx lobes lin- ear-oblong, ca 1-1.5 mm long, corolla pink or rarely white, reflexed-rotate, the lobes 3-4 mm long; gynoste- gium pinkish, the column cylindric 1-1.5 mm long, 1 mm broad; hoods cucullate, rounded apically, ca 1.5 mm long, the horn acicular, incurved over the stigmatic head, slightly longer than the hood, the anther head ca 1.5 mm long; follicles erect on erect pedicels, fusiform, long at- tenuate, 7-9 cm long, 8-12 mm broad, smooth, glabrous to puberulent. In riparian or palustrine sites at 1470 to 2030 m in Box Elder, Cache, Davis, Juab, Salt Lake, Utah, and Weber counties; Canada to Florida and west to Utah and New Mexico; 19 (0). Asclepias involucrata Engelm. ex Terr. Dwarf Milk- weed. Low herbaceous perennials from woody sub- fusiform rootstalks; stems clustered, ascending or decum- bent, slender, branching repeatedly, 3-25 cm long, minutely puberulent; leaves 1-12 cm long, 3-10 mm broad, irregularly approximate, sessile or nearly so, nar- rowly lanceolate, somewhat folded, inconspicuously pilo- sulose; inflorescence terminal or from the uppermost nodes, sessile; flowers rather small; calyx lobes ovate- lanceolate, 3-4 mm long; corolla reflexed-rotate, pale green or pinkish, the lobes 5-7 mm long; gynostegium short-stipitate, white with purple keels, the column ob- conic, 1-1.5 mm long and 1.5-2.5 mm broad, the hoods ovate, acute, 3-4 mm long, the horns adnate toward the base, falciform, incurved or ascending, subequal to hood, the anther head truncate-conic, ca 2 mm long and 3 mm broad; follicles erect on deflexed pedicels, stoutly fusiform, short apiculate, 4-7 cm long, 1.5-2 cm broad, nearly glabrous. Dry flats and washes with mixed desert shrub, sagebrush and pinyon-juniper communities at 1470 to 2000 m in San Juan County; Texas and Kansas to Colorado, Arizona and Mexico; 1 (0). Asclepias labriformis Jones Jones Milkweed. Herba- ceous perennials; stems erect, mostly simple, 2—5 dm tall, puberulent to glabrous; leaves 5-15 cm long, 0.6-2.5 cm broad, irregularly approximate, subsessile, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, pale green, glabrous; in- florescences lateral and solitary at several of the upper nodes; peduncles stout, 0.4-3 cm long; flowers medium sized; calyx lobes lanceolate 4-5 mm long; corolla pale yellowish green, the lobes ca 8 mm long; gynostegium short-stipitate, cream, the column narrowly cylindrical, ca 1.5 mm long, 2 mm broad, the hoods subquadrate, truncate, ca3-4 mm long, the horn half adnate, falciform, incurved, somewhat longer than hood, the anther head truncately conic, ca 2.5 mm long, 2 mm broad; follicles pendulous on spreading pedicels, ovoid to broadly fusiform, 4-7 cm long, 1.5-3 cm broad, smooth, glabrous. Sandy washes, canyons and flats with saltbush. Mormon tea, mixed desert shrub, and pinyon-juniper at 1533 to 2330 m in Duchesne, Emery, Garfield, San Juan, Uintah, and Wayne (type from Capitol Wash) counties; indigenous and endemic to Utah; 43 (x). Asclepias latifolia (Torr.) Raf. Broadleaf Milkweed. [A . obtusifolia var. ? latifolia Torr. ]. Herbaceous perenni- als; stems stout, usually simple, 2-6 dm tall, tomentulose when young, soon glabrate; leaves 4-16 cm long, 4-13 cm broad, opposite, very short-petiolate, broadly oval- obovate, retuse apically, glaucous; inflorescences lateral at several of the upper nodes; peduncles very short or sub- sessile; flowers rather large; calyx lobes ovate-lanceolate. 54 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 9 ca 4 mm long; corolla reflexed-rotate, pale green, the lobes 11-12 mm long; gynostegium short-stipitate, greenish white, the column broadly obconic, ca 2 mm long and 3 mm broad, the hoods subquadrate, truncate or retuse, ca 4 mm long, the horn wholly adnate, very broadly falciform, sharply incurved, somewhat longer than the hood, the anther head ca 3 mm long, 4 mm broad, truncately conic; follicles erect on deflexed pedicels, broadly fusiform, apiculate, 6-8 cm long, 1.5-4 cm broad, smooth and nearly glabrous. Disturbed sites, with mixed desert shrub, sagebrush, juniper, and hang- ing garden communities at 1130 to 1660 m in Garfield, Grand, Kane and San Juan counties; Nebraska to Texas and California; 17 (ix). Asclepias macrospertna Eastw. Eastwood Milkweed. [A . involucrata var. tomentosa Eastw. , type from Court- house Wash, Grand County]. Low herbaceous perennials from woody rootstocks; stems clustered, ascending or decumbent, branching, 6-25 cm long, densely tomen- tose; leaves 2-6 cm long, 1-2 cm broad, irregularly ap- proximate, very short petiolate, ovate to ovate-lance- olate, densely tomentulose; inflorescence solitary and terminal, sessile; flowers small; calyx lobes ovate, ca3 mm long; corolla reflexed-rotate, pale green, purplish with- out, the lobes 5-6 mm long; gynostegium very short stipitate, greenish white or cream, the column broadly obconic, ca 0.7 mm long and 1.3-1.5 mm broad, the hoods broadly ovate, obtuse, 2.5-3 mm long, the horn adnate toward the base, falciform, incurved, somewhat shorter than hood, the anther head ca 2 mm long and 3 mm broad; follicles erect on deflexed pedicels, broadly fusiform, short apiculate, 4-6 cm long, 1.5-2 cm broad, sparsely pilose to glabrous. Sandy sites in mixed desert shrub, blackbrush, sagebrush, and pinyon-juniper com- munities at 1130 to 2000 m in Emery, Garfield, Grand, Kane, San Juan, and Wayne counties; Arizona; 68 (xx). Asclepias rushyi (Vail) Woodson Rusby Milkweed. [Acerates rusbiji Vail; Asclepias engelmanniana var. rus- hyi (Vail) Kearney]. Herbaceous perennials; stems erect, simple or branching from the caudex, 6-12 dm tall, glabrous; leaves 12- 18 cm long, 1-4(6) mm broad, linear, sessile or nearly so, laxly spreading or reflexed, glabrous; inflorescences lateral, from several of the upper nodes, subsessile to short pedunculate; flowers rather small; ca- lyx lobes ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, 3-4 mm long, reflexed, pilose; corolla reflexed-rotate, pale green, pur- plish without, the lobes ca 5 mm long; gynostegium ses- sile, the hoods deeply saccate, truncate, white to yellow, auriculate at the base, with well-developed winglike basal auricles, these rounded, entire, pale green; horn present as a small indistinct crest within the hood, the anther head conical, ca 2.5-3 mm long and 3 mm broad; follicles erect on deflexed pedicels, narrowly fusiform, attenuate, 8-12 cm long, ca 1.5 cm broad. Sagebrush, oak brush, pinyon- juniper, mountain brush, and pondero.sa pine communi- ties at 1270 to 2300 m in Grand, San Juan, and Washing- ton counties; Nevada to Arizona; 7 (ii). Woodson reports a collection of A . enf>,elnianniana from San Juan C^ounty, however the report of that Great Plains species requires substantiation. Asclepias ruthiae Maguire Ruth Milkweed. Low, herbaceous perennials; stems ascending or decumbent, slender, simple or branched below ground, 6-9 cm long, minutely tomentulose; leaves 1-5 cm long, 1-3 cm broad, opposite, petiolate, broadly ovate, white-tomen- tulose, particularly the margins; inflorescences terminal, or occasionally lateral at the uppermost nodes, sessile; flowers small; calyx lobes ovate-lanceolate, ca 3 mm long; corolla reflexed-rotate, pale violet, the lobes ca 6 mm long; gynostegium subsessile, pale rose purple, the hoods saccate, truncate, ca 1 mm long, the horn tonguelike, subequal to the hood, the anther head truncate conic, ca 1 mm long and 1.5 mm broad; follicles erect on deflexed pedicels, broadly fusiform, apiculate, 3-4 cm long, ca 1.5 cm broad, smooth, glabrous. Mixed desert shrub, salt- bush and pinyon-juniper communities at 1400 to 1800 m in Emery (type from Calf Spring Canyon), San Juan, Sevier, and Wayne counties; a Navajo Basin endemic; 43 (iii). Asclepias speciosa Torr. Showy Milkweed. Herba- ceous perennials; stems usually very stout, simple, 6-10 dm tall, usually densely white-tomentose; leaves 6-20 cm long, 3-14 cm broad, opposite, short petiolate, broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, obtuse apically, rounded to cordate basally, densely white-tomentose beneath, nearly glabrous above; inflorescences lateral and solitary at several of the upper nodes; peduncles stout, 1-10 cm long; flowers large and showy; calyx lobes lanceolate, 5-6 mm long; corolla purplish rose, the lobes 10-15 mm long; gynostegium pale rose or pinkish cream, subsessile, the column broadly obconic, ca 1 mm long and 3 mm broad, the hoods narrowly ovate-lanceolate, attenuate, widely spreading, 10-14 mm long, the horn adnate toward the base, falciform-acicular, sharply incurved, much shorter than the hoods, the anther head broadly truncate-conic, ca 3 mm long, and 4.5 mm wide; follicles erect on deflexed pedicels, fusiform, 9-12 cm long, 2-3 cm broad, densely spiny to smooth, white-tomentose; n = 11. Weed of fields, roadsides, riparian, and palustrine sites at 830 to 2550 m in nearly all counties throughout Utah; Manitoba to Minnesota, Texas and westward to British Columbia and California; 71 (vi). Asclepias subverticiUata (Gray) Vail Whorled Milk- weed. [A . verticillata var. subverticiUata Gray; A . galioides H.B.K.]. Herbaceous perennials from stout woody rootstocks; stems 1.5-7 (12) dm tall, mostly with sterile dwarf branchlets, occasionally simple, glabrous or with puberulent lines from the nodes; leaves 2-13 cm long, 1-3 (4) mm broad, whorled or opposite, linear, glabrous to pilosulose; inflorescences usually solitary at the upper nodes; peduncle slender, 1.5-3 cm long; corolla reflexed rotate, white, rarely with a greenish pur- ple tinge, the lobes 3-5 mm long; gynostegium narrowly stipitate, white, the column cylindrical, ca 1 mm long, slightly narrower, the hoods cucullate, oval, ca 1.5 mm long, the horn basal, acicular, somewhat longer than the hoods, gradually arching over the anther head; anther head cylindric, ca 1.5 mm long and broad; follicles erect on erect pedicels, narrowly fusiform, ca 5-9 cm long, 6-8 mm broad, smooth, nearly glabrous. Roadsides and other disturbed sites in creosote bush, blackbrush, saltbush, sagebrush, rabbitbrush, pinyon-juniper and mountain brush communities at 8.30 to 22(K) m in Emery, Garfield, (irand. Iron, Kane, Millard, San Juan, Sanpete, and Washington counties; ('olorado, Texas, New Mexico, Ari- zona and Mexico; 32 (vi). Plants of this species are very poisonous to livestock. Asclepias tuberosa L. Orange milkweed; Butterfly- weed. Herbaceous perennials from deep woody root- stocks; stems stout, clustered, branching only at the inflo- 1987 Welsh et al.: A Utah Flora, Asclepiadaceae, Berberidaceae 55 rescence, 2-9 dm tall, hirsutulose or hispid; leaves 3-11 cm long, 0.3-3 cm broad, irregularly approximate, crowded, short petiolate, narrowly lanceolate to broadly oblanceolate, acuminate to rounded apically, cuneate to cordate basally; inflorescences terminal or nearly so, 1-several at the nodes; flowers moderately large; calyx lobes lance-trigonal, 2-3 mm long; corolla reflexed-ro- tate, orange to reddish or yellowish red, the lobes 7-8 mm long; gynostegium orange, rarely yellow, the column narrowly obconic, ca2 mm long, 1.5 mm broad, the hoods cucullate, lanceolate, 4-5 mm long, the horn basal, nar- rowly acicular, slightly longer than the hoods, gradually arching over the anther head, the anther head cylindrical, ca 2 mm long and broad; follicles erect on deflexed pedicels, narrowly fusiform, 8—15 cm long 1-L5 cm broad, smooth pilosulose. Sagebrush, mountain brush, pinyon-juniper and ponderosa pine communities at 1333 to 2330 m in Garfield, Kane, San Juan, and Washington counties; Minnesota, Michigan, to Colorado, Arizona, Texas, and Mexico; 13 (iv). Our plants belong to ssp. terminalis Woodson, which have leaves typically obtuse to truncate, varying to slightly cordate. Asclepias tvehhii N. & P. Holmgren. Welsh Milkweed. Perennial herbs from extensive underground rootstocks; stems 2.5-10 dm tall, erect, stout, simple from the base; leaves 6-9 (15) cm long, 3-6 (8) cm broad, opposite, coriaceous, broadly elliptic to ovate or obovate, rounded to truncate and mucronate apically, rounded to cordate basally, short- petiolate; inflorescence lateral at upper nodes, white-lanate; peduncles 2-7 cm long; flowers rather large; calyx reflexed at base, linear 5-7.5 mm long; corolla 5-8 mm long, reflexed rotate, ovate, cream with a rose tinged middle; gynostegium cream to pale green, the column ca 0.5 mm long, 1.5-2.5 mm broad, pale green, the hood 2.5-3.2 mm long, broadly truncate, cream, the horn exserted from and attached at middle of the hood, falcately curved over the anther head, the anther head 1.2-1.5 mm long, 1.5-3.4 mm broad; follicles spreading to pendulous on spreading pedicels, broadly fusiform; 4-7.5 cm long, lanate to glabrate, bearing soft subulate processes. Coral Pink sand dunes (type locality) in sage- brush, juniper, and ponderosa pine communities at 1700 to 1900 m in Kane County; endemic; 6 (i). Cynanchutn L. Shrubs or suffrutescent perennials; stems twining, slender; leaves opposite, linear or reduced; flowers small, in axillary umbels or small cymes; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes acute; corolla campanulate to urn-shaped, 5-lobed, crown lacking; pollen-masses solitary in each pollen sack, pendulous; follicles long acuminate, smooth, terete. Cynanchutn utahense (Engelm.) Woodson Swallow- wort. [Astephanus utahense Engelm., type from near St. George]. Plants perennial from a branched woody caudex; stems slender, glabrous, 2-5 dm tall; leaves lin- ear, acuminate, 2-3 cm long, spreading or reflexed; um- bels short-pedunculate, 3- to 10-flowered, with a few subulate bracts; corolla dull yellow, ca 2 mm wide, the lobes ovate, somewhat hooded, piiberulent within; an- thers unappendaged apically; follicles fusiform, long- acuminate, 4-6 cm long; seeds rough granulate. Creosote bush, blackbrush, mesquite, and sagebrush communities below 1065 m in Washington County; Nevada, Arizona and California; 14 (vii). Sarcostemma R. Br Suffrutescent twining or trailing vines; leaves opposite; flowers umbellate or cymose; calyx deeply 5-lobed; corolla rotate to campanulate or salverform, 5-lobed; stamens 5, the filaments fused into a column, each fila- ment bearing an inflated vesicular segment (corona-vesi- cle) just below the anther; anthers 2-celled, the membra- neous dorsal appendage ovate to deltoid; pollinia solitary in each anther sac, pendulous; follicles fusiform to clavate. Sarcostemma cynanchoides Decne. in DC. Climbing Milk-weed. [Funastntm heterophyUum (Engelm.) Stand- ley]. Stems twining or trailing, 1 m or more long, much branched, glabrous to puberulent; leaves to 6 cm long and 3.5 cm wide, broadly to narrowly ovate-lanceolate to triangular-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute to acumi- nate apically, cordate to hastate or round-cuneate basally, sparsely puberulent on both surfaces, with one or more glands on the midrib near the base; inflorescence umbel- late, to 20-flowered; peduncle slender to 60 cm long; bracts linear, minute; pedicels slender, to 17 mm long; calyx lobes ovate to narrowly ovate, 2-3 mm long, pilosu- lose without, glabrous within; corolla rotate-campanu- late, greenish white to purple or pinkish, the tube 1-2 mm long, the lobes ovate, acute to acuminate, 5-7 mm long, glabrous within, fimbriate-ciliate, the ring of the crown thin, revolute, not adnate to the base of the crown- vesicles, these 1.5 mm long; follicles fusiform, to 7 cm long, attenuate apically, puberulent. Creosote bush, yucca, desert shrub, and hanging garden communities up to 1333 m in Garfield, Kane, San Juan, and Washington counties; Texas to California and Mexico; 10 (vi). BERBERIDACEAE A. L. Juss. Barberry Family Shrubs with yellow wood and inner bark; leaves alter- nate, simple or compound; flowers perfect, regular, borne in racemes, umbels, or corymbs, hypogynous; sepals and petals usually similar and in 2 sets of 3; stamens as many as the petals and opposite them; anthers opening by 2 hinged valves; pistil 1, the ovary superior, 1-loculed, 1-carpelled; stvle short or lacking; fruit a berry; x = 6, 7, 8, 10, 14. 1. Primary leaves modified as spines; foliage leaves simple, aggregated on axillary spurs Berberis — Primary leaves pinnately compound, the leaflets spinose- toothed Mahonia Berberis L. Deciduous or evergreen shrubs; leaves alternate, the primary ones modified as simple or 3-pronged spines; foliage leaves clustered on axillary spurs, simple; flowers yellow, borne in racemes, subumbellate cor\'mbs, or um- bels; sepals 6, or 3 and subtended by 3 bractlets; petals 6, bearing 2 glands near the base; stamens 6, irritable; fruit a berry. 1. Leaves persistent, evergreen, leathery; plants culti- vated 2 — Leaves deciduous, thin; plants cultivated or indigenous . 4 2(1). Leaves glaucous or white beneath, ca twice longer than broad or less B. verruculosa 56 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 9 — Leaves green on both sides, or pale beneath, ca 4-10 times longer than broad 3 3(2). Veins of leaves prominent; flowers mainly 6-10 or more, umbellate from bud scales B .julianae — Veins of leaves not prominent; flowers mainly 2-6, corymbose from spur apices B . sargentiana 4(1). Racemes 10- to 15-flowered; leaves spinulose-serrate B . vulgaris — Racemes 2- to 10-flowered; leaves entire or spinulose- serrate 5 5(4). Spines simple; leaves broadly obovate to spatulate, en- tire; plants cultivated, common B . thunbergii — Spines 3- to 5-parted; leaves oblanceolate to elliptic, serrate or entire; plants indigenous in southeastern Utah B . fendleri Berberis fendleri Gray Fendler Barberry. Shrubs, mainly 5-10 dm tall; branchlets purplish brown; spines 3 (5) -parted, 8-15 mm long; leaves 0.8-6 cm long, 4-14 mm wide, oblanceolate to spatulate, entire to spinulose- serrate; racemes terminating lateral branches, 5- to 10- flowered; pedicels 4-6 mm long; berries red, ovoid to ellipsoid, 5-7 mm long. Riparian, hanging garden, and pinyon-juniper communities at 1585 to 2290 m in Grand (?) and San Juan counties; Colorado and New Mexico; 4 (i). This is a handsome plant, with striking autumn foliage; it has horticultural potential. Berberis julianae Schneider Evergreen shrubs, mainly 0.8-1.5 m tall; spines 3-parted, 12-40 mm long, stout, present almost throughout; leaves 1.8-7 cm long, 0.7-2 cm wide, oblanceolate to elliptic, leathery, spinose-ser- rate; umbels 6- to 15-flowered, sessile from nodal buds of the previous season; pedicels 7-15 mm long; berries black, with a waxy bloom, 6-8 mm long, the style appar- ent. Commonly cultivated ornamental in lower elevation communities in Utah; introduced from China; 7 (i). Berberis sargentiana Schneider Evergreen shrubs, mainly 0.7-1.5 m tall; spines 3-parted, 6-22 mm long, slender; leaves 1.5-5 cm long, 3-8 mm wide, elliptic to narrowly lanceolate, leathery, revolute and more or less spinose-serrate; corymbs 2- to 6-flowered from apices of spur branches; pedicels 6-15 mm long; berries black, somewhat glaucous, 6-8 mm long, the stigma sessile. Commonly cultivated ornamentals of cities and towns at lower elevations in Utah; introduced from China; 3 (0). Berberis thunbergii DC. Thunberg Barberry. Shrubs, mainly 0.8-1.5 m tall; leaves deciduous; spines simple, 5-15 mm long; leaves 0.6-3.5 cm long, 3-12 mm wide, spatulate to obovate, entire; inflorescence 1- to 3- flow- ered, from apices of spur branches; pedicels 2-8 mm long; berries bright red, ellipsoid, the stigma sessile; 2n = 28. A very commonly cultivated ornamental in Utah; introduced from Japan; 9 (i). The purjile-leaved cultivar is striking in autumn, when the branches are laden with scarlet berries. Berberis verruculosa Hemsley & Wilson Evergreen shrubs, mainly 0.5-1 m tall; spines 3-parted, 6-15 mm long, rather robust; leaves 8-20 mm long, 5-10 mm wide, obovate to elliptic, coriaceous, green above, whitish glaucous l)eneath, subentire to sjiinose-serrate; flowers solitary; pedicels 4-12 mm long; fruit black, with a Wiixy bloom, 4-6 mm long. Cailtivated ornamental in Utah; introduced from CJhina; 2 (0). Berberis vulgaris L. Common Barberry. Shrubs, mainly 0.8-1.5 m tall; spines 3-parted, 4-7 mm Kmg; leaves 1.5-3.5 cm long, 5-16 mm wide, obovate to ellip- tic, spinulose-serrulate; flowers 10-15 or more in elon- gate racemes; pedicels 4-8 mm long; fruit scarlet to pur- plish, ovoid; 2n = 28. Sparingly cultivated ornamental plants in Utah; introduced from Eurasia; 1 (0). This is the infamous alternate host of stem rust of cereals. Mahonia Nutt. Evergreen shrubs; leaves alternate, not modified as spines, none in axillary fascicles, pinnately compound; leaflets spinose-toothed, leathery; flowers yellow, borne in racemes or subcorymbose racemes; sepals 3 and closely subtended by 3 bracts or 6; petals 6; stamens 6; fruit a berry. Note: This genus is often considered by botanists (but not by horticulturalists) as a subgenus oi Berberis . The modified primary leaves of Berberis are interpreted as mere reductions of the pinnately compound leaves of Mahonia , and not as fundamental generic features. And species of Mahonia can be crossed with those of Berberis , yielding yet another horticultural curiosity, i.e., Ma- hoberberis . However, the species of Mahonia are decid- edly an evolutionary grouping, and since taxonomy should be practical as well as represent relationships it seems best to regard Mahonia as distinct from Berberis. Alternative names are presented for those who wish not to follow this treatment. 1. Shrubs mainly 8-30 dm tall or more; leaflets with 5-7 broadly triangular lobes or teeth; plants indigenous in southeastern Utah M . fremontii — Shrubs mainly 1-10 dm tall; leaflets with 12-40 teeth; plants of various distribution 2 2(1). Leaflets mainly less than twice longer than broad, dull on both surfaces; plants commonly less than 3 dm tall, indigenous M . repens — Leaflets mainly twice or more longer than broad, glossy on at least the upper surface; plants commonly over 5 dm tall M . aqiiifolium Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt. Shining Mahonia. [Berberis aquifolium Pursh]. Shrubs with erect stems, mainly 3-10 dm tall or more; leaves with 5-9 leaflets; leaflets 3-8 cm long, 2-6 cm wide, glossy above, glossy to dull beneath, with 12-40 spinose teeth; racemes several, 3-8 cm long; bractlets (outer sepals) 2-3 mm long; inner sepals 6-8 mm long, yellow; petals bilobed; staminal filaments commonly with 2 short teeth just below the anthers; berries blue, glaucous, 7-14 mm long; 2n = 28, 56. Cultivated ornamentals in Utah; indigenous from British Columbia to Idaho and Oregon; 2 (i). Mahonia fremontii (Torr.) Fedde Fremont Mahonia. [Berberis fremontii Torr.]. Shrubs with spreading branches, 15-30 dm tall and as broad; leaves with 3-9 k'iiflets; leaflets glaucous on both sides, 1-3 cm long, 0.6-3 cm broad, with 5-7 broad triangular spine-tipped lobes or teeth; bractlets (outer sepals) 3.5-4.5 nun long; inner sepals 5-8 mm long, yellow; petals broadly rounded; berries reddish or purplish, hollow, often open apically, the pericarp juicy and tart, 12-20 mm long. Warm, mixed, and salt desert shrub, pinyon-juniper, and mountain brush communities at 820 to 2380 m in Emery, Claifield, (Jrand, San Juan, Washington, and Wayne counties; (Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona; 71 (xii) Mahonia repens (Lindi.) G. Don Oregon Grape; Creeping Mahonia. [Berberis repens Lindl.]. Shrubs, 1987 Welsh etal. A Utah Flora, Berberidaceae, Betulaceae 57 mainly 0.5-3 (5) dm tall; stems erect or more or less decumbent and often rooting (stoloniferous); leaflets 3-7 (9), 1.2-7 cm long, 1-5 cm wide, dull on both sides; bractlets (outer sepals) 2-3 mm long; inner sepals 5-8 mm long, yellow; petals bilobed; berries blue, glaucous, 6-10 mm long; 2n = 28. Riparian, sagebrush, pinyon-ju- niper, mountain brush, aspen, lodgepole pine, and mixed conifer communities at 1125 to 2980 m in all Utah coun- ties; Washington and Alberta, south to California, Ari- zona, New Mexico, and Texas; 125 (x). This plant does well in cultivation, where it grows taller and simulates the closely related M. aquifolium . as do thick-leaved plants from Zion Canyon. Oregon grape is utilized in reclama- tion plantings. BETULACEAE S. F. Gray Birch Family Monoecious, deciduous trees or shrubs; leaves alter- nate, simple, serrate to doubly serrate; stipules caducous; flowers imperfect; staminate flowers in spreading or pen- dulous catkins, subtended by scale bracts, with 2- to 4-parted perianth (or bracteoles) or the perianth lacking, and 2-many stamens; pistillate flowers in clusters, spikes, or scaly catkins, with perianth minute or lacking; ovary 2-loculed; styles 2; fruit a 1-loculed, 1-seeded nutlet or nut, with or without a foliaceous involucre; x = 8, 14. 1. Cultivated shrubs or small trees; scales of pistillate catkins deciduous, the involucre greatly enlarged, en- closing a single nutlet or nut 2 — Cultivated or indigenous shrubs or trees, or if as above (Ostrya) then indigenous in southeastern Utah 3 2(1). Involucres enclosing a nut 1-1.8 cm thick, lobed and the lobes laciniately fringed Corylus — Involucres expanded, flat, subtending a nutlet to 5 mm thick, serrate Carpinus 3(1). Bracts of pistillate aments deciduous; nutlets wingless, enveloped by enlarged inflated involucres; plants of defiles, monolith bases, and alcoves in southeastern Utah Ostrya — Bracts of pistillate aments persistent; nutlets often winged, lacking an involucre; plants of riparian areas, variously distributed 4 4(3). Pistillate aments l-several, racemose, the bracts per- sistent, conelike, buds stalked; wood yellow orange. . Alnus — Pistillate aments solitary; bracts deciduous with the nutlets; buds sessile; wood whitish Betula Alnus Miller Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, simple, doubly ser- rate to lobed; flowers in catkins, borne with or before the leaves; staminate catkins 1-3, the bracts peltate, sub- tending 3-6 flowers, each flower with 2-4 stamens; pistil- late catkins conelike, l-several, the persistent woody bracts subtending 2 flowers; fruit a nutlet. Note: Poten- tially there are several cultivated species in Utah, includ- ing almost certainly A. serrulata (Ait.) Willd., but they are not treated herein because of taxonomic consider- ations. Alnus incana (L.) Moench Thinleaf Alder. [Betula al- nus var. incana L., A. tenuifolia Nutt.; A. incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung]. Shrubs or small trees; stems commonly 1-4(10) m tall, 0.2-2.5 dm thick; bark grayish to brownish; winter buds bhmt; twigs puberulent and commonly glandular as well; leaf blades 2-9(11) cm long, 1-6.5 (10) cm wide, ovate to elliptic, oblong, or oval, obtuse to roimded or less commonly acute or abruptly acuminate, obtuse to rounded or subcordatc basally, dou- bly serrate with numerous teeth and shallowly lobed, the lower surface paler than the upper but not markedly so, hairv' to glabrous above, usually bain, along the veins beneath; petioles 5-20 (30) mm long, puberulent; pistil- late catkins arising from branches of the previous season, 3-9 per cluster, 9-15 mm long, 8-12 mm thick; wing of nutlet lacking; n -= 14. Streambanks and terraces, and in seep and spring sites at 1250 to 2745 m in Box Elder, Cache, Daggett, Davis, Duchesne, Garfield, Morgan, Salt Lake, San Juan, Sevier, Summit, Tooele, Uintah, Wayne, and Weber counties; Alaska and Yukon, east to Nova Scotia, south to California, New Mexico, Arizona, and Pennsylvania; Eurasia; 37 (ii). Our material belongs to ssp. rugosa (Duroi) R.T. Clausen var. occidentalis (Dippel)C.L. Hitchc. [A. occidentalis Dippe\]. The thin- leaf alder is a portion of a huge circumboreal complex, with ssp. incana being the Old World portion and var. rugosa representing the eastern American plants. Betula L. Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, simple, serrate to crenate, crenate-serrate, or doubly serrate; flowers in catkins, borne with or before the leaves; staminate catkins 1-4 per bud, pendulous or spreading in flower; pistillate catkins usually solitary, erect in flower; staminate flowers in clusters of 3, the stamens 2; bracts of pistillate catkins 3-lobed, deciduous; pistillate flowers 2-3 per bract; fruit a winged nutlet (samara). Dugle, J. R. 1966. A taxonomic study of western Canadian species of the genus Betula. Canad. J. Bot. 44: 929-1007 1. Plants low to moderately sized shrubs, 0.5-1.2 m tall; leaf blades 0.5-2.5 cm long, oval to orbicular, crenate to crenate-serrate, with usually 10 or fewer teeth per side B . glundulosa — Plants tall shrubs or trees, mainly 4-8 m tall; leaf blades 1.5-8 cm long, ovate to deltoid, serrate to doubly ser- rate (or lobed), with usually 10-40 teeth per side 2 2(1). Bark shining, not exfoliating, brown to red brown or yellow brown; plants indigenous in riparian sites in Utah B . occidentalis — Bark dull, white; plants cultivated in Utah 3 3(2). Bark exfoliating; leaves ovate, usually pubescent in vein axils beneath B . papyrifera — Bark not exfoliating; leaves rhombic-ovate or laciniately lobed, glabrous beneath B . pendula Betula glandulosa Michx. Glandular Birch; Swamp Birch. Shrubs, commonly 0.5-1.2 (2) m tall, with 1 to several main stems; bark not exfoliating, gray to brown or purplish, the lenticels not or seldom conspicuous; twigs puberulent, bearing yellowish crystalline resin glands; leaf blades 0.5-2.5 cm long, 0.5-2 cm broad, oval to orbicular, broadly elliptic, or obovate, or less commonly ovate, rounded to obtuse or rarely acute apically, cuneate to rounded basally, once crenate to crenate-serrate, mainly with 10 or fewer teeth per side, not hairv' in lower vein axils, minutely hairy to glabrous on margins near the base; petioles 1-9 mm long, puberulent or glabrous; 58 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 9 pistillate catkins 7-20 mm long, 3-8 mm thick, the bracts commonly glabrous dorsally, ciiiate; samara wings nar- rower than half the body width; 2n = 28. Meadows and streamsides in lodgepole pine and spruce-fir communi- ties at (213.5?) 2745 to 3355 m in Cache (?), Daggett, Duchesne, Summit, Utah, and Wasatch counties; Alaska and Yukon, east to Newfoundland, south to California, Colorado, and New York; Greenland; Asia; 15 (iv). Betula occidentalis Hook. Water Birch. [B . fontinalis Sarg. ]. Shrubs or small trees, commonly 3-6 m tall, with several trunks to 2.5 dm thick or more; bark not or scarcely exfoliating, reddish or yellowish brown to brown, shining, marked with pale horizontal lenticels; twigs pubescent to glabrous, bearing yellowish to reddish crys- talline resin glands; leaf blades 1-5 cm long, 0.7-4 cm broad, ovate, acute, or abruptly acuminate apically, ob- tuse to rounded or less commonly cuneate to truncate basally, sharply and often doubly serrate, with mostly 15-25 teeth per side, not hairy in lower vein axils, minutely hairy to glabrous on margins near the base; petioles 5-15 mm long, glabrous or puberulent; pistillate catkins 15-40 mm long, 4-10 mm thick, the bracts pu- berulent and ciiiate; samara wing subequal to width of the nutlet. Riparian communities and near seeps and springs at 1220 to 2685 m in all Utah counties; Alaska and Yukon, east to Mackenzie, south to California, Colorado, and South Dakota; 134 (xiv). This birch forms hybrids with B . papyrifera. Presumably the material constituting the type of B . utahensis Britt., from City Creek Canyon, was derived in that manner and has either persisted from a time when B . papyrifera was sympatric, or has been derived more recently through long-distance pollination. Betula papyrifera Marshall Paper Birch. Trees, com- monly 5-8 m tall or more, with 1 main trunk to 5 dm thick or more; bark exfoliating, creamy white, marked with pale elongate horizontal lenticels; twigs puberulent to glabrous, bearing yellowish to white crystalline resin glands, or these poorly developed or lacking; leaf blades 2.5-8 cm long, 1.3-7 cm broad, ovate to lance-ovate, acuminate to acute, rounded to truncate or subcordate basally, sharply and often doubly serrate and sometimes lobed as well, with usually 15-20 teeth per side, usually hairy in lower vein axils, hairy to glabrous on margins near the base and often over the upper surface; petioles 8-40 mm long, glabrous or puberulent; pistillate catkins 15-40 mm long, 5-15 mm thick; bracts glabrous or puberulent dorsally; samara wings broader than the body; 2n = 56, 70, 84. Cultivated ornamental in Utah; introduced from elsewhere in North America; 2 (0). Betula pendula Roth European White Birch. Trees, commonly 5-10 m tall or more, with 1 main trunk to 5 dm thick or more; bark flaking off in layers, but not especially exfoliating, marked with elongate horizontal lenticels; twigs glabrous, with yellowish crystalline resin glands or these lacking, often pendulous; leafl)lades 1.. 5-7 cm long, 1.2-5 cm wide, rhombic-ovate, acuminate apically, trun- cate to obtuse basally, sharjily doubly serrate with 15-30 teeth per side or more, or laciniately lolied, not hairy in the vein axils below, hairy to glabrous on margins near the base; petioles 10-40 mm long; bracts puberulent or glabrous dorsally; pistillate catkins 20-.5() mm long, 8-12 mm thick; samara wing broader than the body; 2n ^ 28. Cultivated ornamental in Utah; introduced from Eurasia; 7(0). Carpinus L. Shrubs or small trees; leaves alternate, simple; staminate aments pendulous; bracts ovate, each with a single naked flower with several stamens; filaments short, divided apically and bearing 2 apically pilose half-anthers; pistillate aments slender, with ovate deciduous bracts, the flowers in pairs, with calyx much reduced; bracts accrescent in fruit; fruit a ribbed nutlet. Carpinus caroliniana Walter Hornbeam. Plants mainly 3-8 m tall, with flattened trunk and smooth or gray striated bark (musclelike); leaves 2.5-12 cm long, ovate or lance- oblong to ovate or obovate, sharply doubly serrate, acuminate or acute; fruiting catkins 2-7 cm long, the bracts oblong- lanceolate, 1.2-3 cm long, often lobed at the base, entire or few-toothed. Cultivated ornamental plants in Utah; intro- duced from the eastern U. S.; 1 (0). Corylus L. Deciduous shrubs or small trees; leaves alternate, simple, doubly serrate; staminate catkins pendulous at anthesis, each scale subtending a pair of bractlets and a single naked flower with 4 stamens; filaments divided apically, each bearing 2 half-anthers; pistillate catkins small, ovoid, the flowers con- cealed by bud scales except for the elongate reddish stigmas, each flower subtended by a tiny bract and 2 bractlets, these greatly accrescent at maturity, finally enclosing the nut. Corylus aveUana L. European Filbert; Hazelnut. Shrubs, mainly 2-6 m tall; leaves 1.5-10 cm long, 1.2-8.5 cm broad, suborbicular to broadly obovate, abruptly acuminate apically, subcordate basally, hairy along the veins beneath, puberulent above; petioles 4-14 mm long, long-hairy; mature involucre densely hairy, subequal to or somewhat exceeding the nut, laciniately lobed; nuts 1-2 cm wide; 2n = 22. Cultivated nut plant, widely but not commonly grown in warmer portions of Utah; 6 (0). Other species, native elsewhere in North America are probably present. Ostrya L. Small trees; leaves alternate, simple, doubly serrate; stami- nate catkins pendulous, the scales abruptly acuminate, the flowers consisting of several stamens, each in a bract axil, the filaments short, each forked apically and the branches bearing pilose half-anthers; pistillate catkins slender, loosely flow- ered, the ovate hairy bracts caducous, subtending 2 flowers each enclosed within an ovoid pouch composed of united bract and bractlets; calyx minute; bracts accrescent and in- flated in fruit, hoplike; fniit a compressed ovoid nutlet. Ostrya knowltonii Gov. Western Hophornbeam. Small trees, mainly 2-6 ni tall; trunks 3-18 cm thick; branchlets spreading-hairy and more or less stipitate-glandular, becom- ing glabrous; leal blades 0.8-8 cm long, 0.8-5 cm wide, ovate to lance-ovate or elliptic, doubly serrate, acute apically, rounded to obtuse basally; fruiting aments 2-5 cm long, the individual sacs 10-25 mm long, greenish white to brownish. Bases of monoliths, defiles, and hanging gardens in sandstone areas at 1225 to 1710 m in Garfield, Grand, Kane, and San Juan counties; New Mexico, Arizona, and Texas; 17 (.\). BIGNONIACEAE A. L. Juss. Catalpa Family Shrubs or trees; leaves mostly opposite, simple or com- pound; flowers large and showy, perfect, irregular, in 1987 Welsh et al: A Utah Flora, Bicnoniaceae. Boraginaceae 59 terminal panicles or spicate racemes; calyx short, bilabi- ate or unequally 4- to 5-toothecl; corolla sympetalous, bilabiate, 5-lobcd; stamens 2 or 4; pistil 1, the ovary superior, 2-carpelled; style 1; stigma bilobed; fruit an elongate 2-valved capsule; seeds many, large, flat, winged or comose; x = 20 (7). L Plants climhinj; or clambfring woody vines; leaves com- pound Campsis — Plants trees or shrubs; leaves simple 2 2(1). Leaves ovate, pefioled; fertile stamens 2; plants culti- vated, less commonly escaping and established . . Catalpa — Leaves linear to lance-linear; fertile stamens 4; plants indigenous in Washington County, seldom cultivated Chilopsis Campsis Lour. Woody vines; leaves opposite, odd-pinnately com- pound, with toothed leaflets; flowers orange, in compact terminal panicles; calyx 5-lobed, suffused with red, leathery; corolla funnelform, expanded above the narrow tube, the 5 lobes spreading; stamens 4, in 2 pairs; ovary 2-loculed, surrounded at base by a large disk; fruit a fusiform capsule, the 2 valves separating from the sep- tum; seeds numerous, compressed, with 2 large translu- cent wings. Campsis radicans (L.) Seemann Trumpet-vine. [Bignonia radicans L.]. Stems mainly 1.5-10 m long, climbing by means of aerial rootlets or merely clambering over other plants or structures; leaves pinnately com- pound with 7-11 leaflets, these 2-8 cm long, oval to ovate or oblong, long-acuminate, serrate, dark green above, pale and hairy beneath (at least on the midrib); corolla tube orange, mainly 6-8 cm long; capsules commonly 7-16 cm long, sharply margined at maturity, tapering at both ends. Cultivated ornamental, persisting and spread- ing, at elevations below 1525 m in Grand, Utah, and Washington counties; widely cultivated in the U. S., indigenous in eastern U. S.; 4 (iii). Catalpa Scop. Trees; leaves opposite or sometimes whorled, long petioled, large, simple, entire or coarsely lobed, often with a pungent odor when crushed; flowers white, pink- ish, or yellowish, in large showy terminal panicles; calyx splitting irregularly or 2-lipped; corolla campanulate, 2-lipped, with 2 smaller upper lobes and 3 larger lower lobes; fertile stamens 2, curved, the anther sacs diver- gent, included; style 2-lobed; fruit a cylindrical capsule, dehiscent by 2 valves at maturity; seeds small, com- pressed, with a tuft of white hairs at each end. I. Leaves glabrous or soon glabrate beneath; corolla 1-2 cm broad, yellow, marked with orange and spotted with violet; capsules less than 8 mm thick C . ovata — Leaves with persistent soft pubescence beneath; corolla 2-4 cm broad, white marked with yellow and brown purple; capsules mainly over 8 mm thick 2 2(1). Leaves long-acuminate apically; corolla ca 3-4 cm broad, the lower lobe notched C . speciosa — Leaves abruptly short-acuminate; corolla 2-3 cm broad, the lower lobe not notched C . bignonioides Catalpa bignonioides Walter Common Catalpa. Trees, 6-20 m tall, with rounded spreading canopy; leaves odor- iferous, often whorled, the blades broadly cordate-ovate, 10-20 cm long, abruptly acuminate, sometimes with 2 small lateral lobes, pubescent on lower surface; panicles broadly pyramidal, 15-25 cm long, many-flowered; corollas 2-.3 cm broad, white, with 2 yellow stripes inside and spotted with brown purjile, the lower lobe not notched; capsules 12-37 cm long; n 20. Cultivated ornamentals, escaping and established locally at or below 1750 m in (irand, Utah, and Wasatch counties; widely cultivated in the U. S.; 10 (ii). Catalpa ovata G. Don Chinese Catalpa. Small trees or large shrubs; leaves abruptly acuminate, glabrous or soon glabrate beneath, often with sharp lateral lobes; corollas 1-2 cm broad, yellow, marked with orange and spotted with violet; capsules mainly le.ss than 8 mm thick. Culti- vated ornamental in Utah County; widely cultivated in the U.S., introduced from eastern Asia; 1 (0). Catalpa speciosa Warder Showy Catalpa; Cigartree. Trees to 25 m tall or more; leaves nonodorous, cordate- ovate, 15-30 cm long, long acuminate, pubescent be- neath; panicles rather few-flowered, ca 15 cm long and broader than long; flowers white, 3-4 cm broad, incon- spicuously spotted on the throat, the lower lobe notched; capsules 20-50 cm long. Cultivated ornamentals, persist- ing and occasionally escaping, mainly below 1525 m in Davis, Grand, Utah, and Wayne counties; Illinois and Arkansas; widely cultivated in the U. S.; 14 (iii). Chilopsis D. Don Small trees or large shrubs to 10 m tall; leaves alternate or the lower opposite, simple, linear or lance-linear, en- tire; corolla white, often tinged, streaked, or spotted with purple; capsule cylindrical, 2-valved; seeds long-hairy. Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet Desert Willow. [Bignonia linearis Cav.]. Branches laxly ascending or spreading; sterile branches glabrous or somewhat woolly, without terminal buds; leaves sessile or short-petiolate, 4-15 cm long, 0.3-1 cm wide, glabrous or often viscid; flowers fragrant; pedicels stout, pubescent, ca 2-5 mm long; calyx pubescent, bilabiate, 1-1.5 cm long; corolla broadly funnelform, 2-3.5 cm long; stamens 4, included; staminodia 1; capsule slender, mainly 15-30 cm long, ca7 mm thick; seeds ca 6 mm long, with a fringe of hairs. Along stream courses below 1500 m in Washington County; Texas to Nevada, California, and Mexico; 20 (x). This plant has horticultural potential and phases with brightly colored flowers are being selected for introduc- tion. BORAGINACEAE A. L. Juss. Borage Family Plants herbaceous or shrubby; leaves simple, alternate, opposite, or whorled, entire and pubescent, hispid or setose; flowers perfect, regular, solitary or cymose; cymes glomerate-racemose or spicate, frequently unilateral and coiled (scorpioid), usually with bracts between, to one side of, or opposite the flowers; calyx usually 5-lobed or 5-parted, usually persistent, the lobes valvate; corolla 5-lobed, sometimes crested or appendaged in the throat; stamens 5, borne on the corolla tube alternate with the lobes; ovary superior, bicarpellate, usually 4-ovulate, entire or lobed, becoming tough or bony at maturity; fruit commonly breaking up into 4 single-seeded lobes (nut- 60 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 9 lets); style simple or 2-cleft, seated in the pericarp at the apex of the fruit or borne between the nutlets on the receptacle, or on an upward prolongation (gynobase); endosperm absent or scarce; embryo straight or curved; x = 4-12. Note: The classification of this family is based primarily upon the structure of the fruit. In many cases it is difiRcult to recognize the genus and almost impossible to obtain a precise identification of the species if the speci- mens lack mature fruiting structures. 1. Style 2-cleft; stigmas 2, distinct, flowers solitary or clustered in the stem forks Tiquilia — Style simple; stigmas united 2 2(1). Style arising from the pericarp at the apex of the fruit, falling away with the nutlets; stigma annular-peltate, surmounted by a conical or cylindrical, simple or lobed appendage Heliotropium — Style borne between the lobes of the nutlets, and attached to the receptacle or gynobase; stigma capi- tate, unappendaged 3 3(2). Nutlets with uncinate, glochidiate, or barbed prickles on the back, margins, or the apex 4 — Nutlets without hooked or barbed prickles 7 4(3). Nutlets subglobose, with dorsal surface rather uni- formly covered with barbed prickles, no definite mar- gins Cijnoglossuin — Nutlets with a definite margin, the prickles confined to this (back may be muricate or tuberculate) 5 5(4). Nutlets stellately spreading, attached at the apical (radicle) end, armed with hooked appendages; plants small slender annuals Pectocarya — Nutlets erect, incurved or weakly divergent, at- tached at or below the middle, i.e., toward the cotyle- don end 6 6(5). Plants annual; pedicels erect or nearly so; styles sur- passing the nutlets; subulate gynobase about as long as the nutlets Lappula — Plants perennial or biennial; pedicels reflexed in fruit; styles usually shorter than the nutlets; pyrami- dal gynobase about half as long as the nutlets Hackelia 7(.3). Corolla irregular, the upper lobes usually longer than the lower ones; stamens not all equal in length . Echium — Corolla regular or nearly so 8 8(7). Calyx in fruit much enlarged, becoming conspicu- ously veiny, folded and flattened; stems procumbent, angled, with stiff retrorse bristles on the angles .... Asperugo — Calyx in fruit little if any enlarged, not becoming veiny, folded, and flattened; stems various but not as above 9 9(8). Nutlet attachment surrounded by a swollen ring, leaving a distinct pit on the gynobase; plants of fields and waste places 10 — Nutlet attachment neither surrounded by a rim nor leaving a pit 11 10(9). Stamens appendaged dorsally, closely crowded around the style; corolla rotate Borago — Stamens unappendaged, included within the tubular corolla Anchiisa 11(9). (Corolla normally blue (aberrant white-flowered plants occasionally are found), or reddish in the bud stage 12 — Corolla white, greenish white, yellow or orange .... 14 12(11). Nutlets with an oblique dorsal face encircled by an upturned flange or rim, this often irregularly toothed; plants depressed-pulvinate, seldom over 7 cm tall, of alpine areas in Utah Eritrichium — Dorsal face of nutlet (if present) not encircled by an upturned flange or rim; plants not depressed-pul- vinate, usually over 7 cm tall, most species growing below alpine areas in Utah 13 13(12). Corolla salverform, the lobes convolute in the bud; nutlets basally attached to a flat gynobase Myosotis — Corolla with a tube and usually a campanulate throat, not salverform, the lobes imbricate in the bud; nut- lets obliquely attached to a convex gynobase . Mertensia 14(11). Nutlets attached above the base along a usually open and generally basally forked central groove or slit, or by a triangular opening in the pericarp .... Cryptantha — N utlets lacking a distinct ventral groove or opening in the pericarp, this usually replaced by an elevated ventral keel 15 15(14). Plants perennial; nutlets attached by a broad, rounded, quite basal noncaruncular attachment, ovoid, smooth and shiny; corolla usually yellow or orange Lithospennum — Plants annual; nutlets attached by a caruncular scar borne upon or at the basal end of the ventral keel, the attachment usually lateral or suprabasal, usually rough 16 16(15). Corolla white; cotyledons entire Plagiobothrys — Corolla orange or yellow, the tube definitely longer than the calyx; cotyledons 2-lobed Amsinckia Amsinckia Lehm. Annual, pungent-bristly, herbaceous plants; stems erect or with spreading branches, leafy; leaves alternate, linear to ovate, usually veinless; racemes usually bract- less; calyx cut to base into erect lanceolate or oblong lobes; corolla tubular or salverform, heterostyled, yellow or orange, tube cylindrical, glabrous, unappendaged; lobes spreading, rounded, imbricate; stamens included, affixed in the tube; filaments very short; anthers oblong; style obtuse, filiform, included; stigma capitate, emar- ginate; ovules 4; cotyledons 2-parted; nutlets 4, erect, angulate-ovoid, smooth or rough, unmargined, strongly keeled ventrally; gynobase pyramidal, ca half the height of the nutlet. 1. Corolla tube 20-nerved below attachment of stamens; calyx lobes unequal in width and reduced in numbers (2, 3, or 4) by fusion; nutlets tessellate A . tessellata — Corolla tube 10-nerved below insertion of stamens; calyx lobes 5, distinct 2 2(1). Corolla orange yellow, 7-20 mm long, well exserted beyond the calyx; plants usually green; stems hirsute- bristly, but with few or no fine appressed hairs A . intermedia — Corolla pale yellow, 4-7 mm long, little or not at all exserted beyond the calyx lobe; leaves pubescent with appressed or a.scending hairs A. menziesii Amsinckia intermedia Fisch. & Mey. Medium Fiddle- neck. [A . campestris Cireene; A . iH'lens Macbr. ; A . intac- tilis Macbr.; A. arvensis Suksd.]. Steins simple or much branched, erect to widely spri'adiiig, .3-9 dm tall, spar- cely bristly othoi-wise usualK glabrous except for a tomen- tose pubescence near the base of the spikes; basal and lower cauline leaves linear or linear-lanceolate to nearlv 1987 Welsh et al.: A Utah Flora, Boraginaceae 61 ovate, usually clasping at base and acute at apex, thinly hirsute on both sides with spreading, often pustulate hairs; spikes short or usually elongating in fruit, usually leafy-bracted at base; calyx lobes linear attenuate, about half as long as the corolla, rufous-hispid on the back, densely white-hirsute on the margins; corolla orange yel- low 8- 10 mm long, the limb 3-6 mm wide; nutlets 2.5-3 mm long, incurved, grayish, narrowly keeled on the back and sharply rugose with the surface between papillate or muricate. Creosote bush, Joshua tree, and other warm desert shrub communities below I2(X) m in Washington County; Washington, south to Baja California and east- ward to Arizona, New Mexico, and west Texas; 15 (iii). Amsickia menziesii (Lehm.) Nels. & Macbr. Menzies Fiddleneck. [A. retrorsa Suksd.; A. parviflora Heller; A. rugusa Rydb.; A. helleri Brand; A. eatonii Suksd., type from Utah]. Stems strictly erect, 3-8 dm tall, usually simple below the inflorescence, bristly-hirsute and often more or less cinereous with fine appressed hairs; leaves linear or the upper linear-lanceolate, hirsute on both sides with ascending or appressed hairs; inflorescence of 1 or few, strict, erect or ascending racemes, bractless; calyx lobes 5, distinct, 7-13 mm long, linear or linear-lance- olate; corolla light yellow, 5-7 mm long, the tube in- cluded or only slightly exserted beyond the calyx lobes; style 2.5-3 mm long; nutlets 2-3 mm long, broadly ovoid, densely tuberculate all over, with scattered larger tubercles intermixed, the latter on the central and lateral ridges when these are present. Mixed desert shrub, pinyon-juniper, sagebrush, mountain brush, and aspen- fir communities at 1400 to 2850 m in Beaver, Box Elder, Cache, Davis, Millard, Morgan, Rich, Salt Lake, Tooele, Utah, Wasatch, and Weber counties; Alaska, Yukon, south to California and Nevada; 20 (ii). Amsinckia tesseUata Gray Rough Fiddleneck. [A . col- lina Greene; A. pustulata Heller; A. conica Suksd.; A. utahensis Suksd., type from Salt Lake City]. Stems stout, branched throughout or sometimes simple below, 3-6 dm high, hispid with spreading bristles; leaves linear- lanceolate, 2-7 cm long, rather thinly hispid, the hairs pustulate at base, sessile except the narrowly oblance- olate basal ones; spikes elongating with age, often 5-12 cm long; calyx lobes (2) 3 or 4, when 4 with 1 broader and notched or 2-lobed at apex, when 3 a little broader and notched at apex, hispid and on the margins densely white- hirsute, 8-13 mm long; corolla orange, the tube 5- 10 mm long, the limb 2.5-5 rnm wide; nutlets 3-3.5 mm long, ovoid, the back low usually with a median line, densely tessellate or papillate, and often transversely rugose. Creosote bush, Joshua tree, mixed warm desert shrub, sagebrush, oak, and pinyon-juniper communities at 750 to 1900 m in Box Elder, Davis, Juab, Millard, Salt Lake, Sevier, Tooele, Utah, and Washington counties; Wash- ington to Idaho, Arizona, and Baja California; 29 (iii). Anchusa L. Annual, biennial or perennial herbs with blue or purple flowers in panicled, scorpioid racemes; calyx divided into narrow lobes; corolla trumpet-shaped, the tube straight, the throat closed by scales, the limb with widely spread- ing lobes; stamens included; style slender; ovary 4-parted; nutlets 4, their attachment surrounded by an annular ring leaving a pit on the low gynobase. I. Calyx lobes linear; flowers more than 12 mm wide A . azurea — C^alyx lobes triangular to lanceolate; flowers less than 8 mm wide A . officinalis Ancfcusa azurea Miller Alkanet. Plants perennial, from a taproot; stems erect, branched from near the base, 3-10 dm tall or more, coarsely hirsute, the hairs often pustulate basally; basal leaves 6-20 cm long, oblong or lanceolate; calyx 8-12 mm long, the lobes linear, much longer than the tube; corolla ca 10-15 mm long, dark blue; nutlets oblong, erect; 2n 32. Cultivated ornamental, escaping and persisting in Box Elder, Salt Lake, and Utah counties; introduced from the Mediterranean region of the Old World; 3 (i). Anchusa officinalis L. Bugloss. Plants perennial, from a taproot; stems erect, branched from near the base, 3-10 dm high, coarsely hirsute, the hairs often pustulate at base; basal leaves 8-20 cm long, oblanceolate, the stem leaves lanceolate; calyx 5-8 mm long, the lobe* lanceolate to narrowly triangular, about as long as the tube; corolla about 10 mm long, dark blue; nutlets 2-3 mm long, rugose or granulate, inserted by their bases on a flat gynobase; 2n = 16, 32. Disturbed hills, river bottoms, and ditch banks in sagebrush, cottonwood, maple, and oak communities at 1430 to 2500 m in Summit and Utah counties; introduced from Eurasia; 18 (ii). Asperugo L. Rough-hispid, annual, procumbent plants, with stiff bristly hairs; leaves alternate, or the upper sometimes opposite, entire; calyx campanulate, unequally 5-cleft, much enlarged and reticulate-veiny in fruit, lobes in- cised-dentate, the teeth often appearing as extra lobes in the sinuses; corolla tubular-campanulate, 5-lobed, 1 to 3 together on short, recurved pedicels in the upper leaf axils; stamens 5, inserted on the corolla tube, included; filaments very short; ovary 4-lobed; style short; stigma capitate; nutlets 4, ovoid, erect, granular-tuberculate, attached laterally above the middle to the elongate-conic receptacle, the scar not leaving a pit. Asperugo procumbens L. Catchweed. Stems 2-6 dm long; diffusely branched, slender and procumbent or as- cending, retrorsely short-hispid; leaves 1-4 cm long, obo- vate to oblanceolate, scabrous, obtuse to acutish at apex; fruiting calyx 8- 15 mm wide; corolla small, 2-3 mm long, blue, purple or purplish red; nutlets obliquely ovoid, about 4 mm long, granulate-tuberculate; 2n = 24, 48. Roadsides, ditch banks, and other waste places at 1400 to 2450 m in Cache, Daggett, Davis, Salt Lake, Summit, Tooele, Utah, and Weber counties; native of Eurasia now widely scattered over the northern U. S.; 27 (ii). Borago L. Hirsute or hispid annual or biennial herbs with alter- nate, entire leaves and blue flowers in terminal leafy racemes; calyx deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted; corolla rotate, the tube very short, throat closed by scales, the limb 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated, acute; stamens 5, inserted on the corolla tube; filaments dilated below, narrowed above to a slender appendage; anthers linear, erect and connivent with a beaklike cone; ovary 4-divided; style filiform; nutlets 4, ovoid, erect, attached by their bases to the flat receptacle; scar of attachment large, concave. 62 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 9 Borago officinalis L. Common Borage. Stems erect, 5-8 dm tall, with ascending or spreading branches; leaves oblong to obovate, 5-11 cm long, rounded to acute at apex, the upper ones clasping, lower narrowed to a winged petiole; pedicels spreading or recurving, 2-5 cm long; calyx lobes linear-lanceolate, 7-10 mm long; corolla 15-20 mm broad, bright blue; anther-beak dark purple, ca 6-7 mm long; nutlets 4 mm long. Cultivated and escaping from gardens in Cache and Salt Lake counties; sparingly naturalized in the western U. S.; a native of Europe; 2 (0). Cryptantha Lehm. Annual or perennial, herbaceous or fruticulose; leaves opposite at base, or alternate throughout, firm, veinless; flowers white or rarely yellow, in bractless or bracted spikes or racemes; calyx divided to the base, the lobes erect or connivent, linear or oblong; mature calyx invest- ing the nutlets and falling away entire, or the calyx persis- tent and the nutlets falling away separately; corolla with a short to somewhat elongate cylindrical tube with or with- out scales at the base of the tube, the throat with intruded appendages; corolla lobes imbricate, rounded spreading; style slender, short or long, included; stigma capitate; ovules 2-4; nutlets 1-4, erect, ovate to triangular, rough- ened or smooth, winged, margined or marginless, affixed laterally through a medial ventral and commonly basally forked groove to a usually columnar, subulate or pyrami- dal gynobase. Note: This is one of the most perplexing genera in the family. It is exclusively American, mostly in the western U. S., but common in the deserts of South America as well. Several species are reported to have some value as a forage for sheep. 1. Plants annual; stems slender (subgenus Krynitzkia) . . Key 1 — Plants biennial or perennial; stems coarse, usually with a basal tuft of leaves (subgenus Oreocarya) Key 2 Keyl. Plants annual. L Nutlets with the margins decidedly winged or knife- like 2 — Nutlets with the margins rounded or angled, never with a marginal wing or knifelike edge 5 2(1). Pedicels usually evident, slender, 1-4 mm long; nut- lets heteromorphic C . raccmosa — Pedicels obscure or none, less than 1 mm long 3 3(2). Nutlets heteromorphic, the odd nutlet abaxial .... C . inaequata — Nutlets homomorphic, or if slightly heteromorphic the odd nutlet axial 4 4(3). Nutlets solitary or rarely 2; calyx obliquely conical at the base; corolla conspicuous; plants of Washington County C . utahensis — Nutlets 4; calyx symmetrical; corolla inconspicuous; widespread species C . pterocarya 5(1). Nutlets all smooth 6 — Nutlets all rough or at least some of them so 10 6(5). Nutlets with an excentric groove; flowers in biserial naked spikes C . affinis — Nutlets with a centrally placed groove 7 7(6). Nutlets broadly ovate; spikes usually geminate, the inflorescence projected above the leafy mass of the plant C . torreyana — Nutlets oblong-ovate to narrowly-lanceolate 8 8(7). Style reaching 1/4-3/4 the height of the nutlets; calyx densely appressed hispid-villous, commonly lacking conspicuous spreading bristles C . gracilis — Styles almost reaching the nutlet-tips or surpassing them 9 9(8). Margin of the nutlet acute, at least above the middle C . watsonii — Margin of the nutlets rounded or obtuse . . . C . fendleri 10(5). Nutlets not all alike, heteromorphic 11 — Nutlets all alike, homomorphic 16 11(10). Mature calyx strongly appressed to the flattened rachis, decidedly gibbous, persistent; plants limited to Washington County C . dumetorum — Mature calyx somewhat spreading, not at all gibbous . 12 12(1 1). Odd nutlet abaxial, surpassed by the style 13 — Odd nutlet axial, surpassing the style 15 13(12). Spikes bracteate througout; calyx persistent C . micrantha — Spikes naked or nearly so; calyx deciduous 14 14(13). Pedicels slender, 1-4 mm long; plants rare in Wash- ington County C . racemosa — Pedicels stout and obscure C . angnstifolia 15(12). Odd nutlet spinular-muricate; consimilar nutlets with a deeply impressed scar; calyx lobes conspicu- ously thickened C . crassisepala — Odd nutlet more or less granulate to nearly smooth, consimilar nutlets with a shallowly impressed scar; calyx lobes moderately thickened C . kelseyana 16(10). Calyx circumscissle C . circumscissa — Calyx not circumscissle 17 17(16). Style surpassing the nutlets C. micrantha Style equal to or shorter than the nutlets 18 18(17). Nutlets and calyx recurved C . recurvata — Nutlets and calyx straight 19 19(18). Nutlet usually solitary, abaxial; gynobase reaching 1/3 to 1/2 the height of the nutlet C. decipiens — Nutlets usually 4 20 20(19). Nutlets decidedly ovate, with low inconspicuous rounded tuberculations C . amhigua — Nutlets lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, the tuber- culations very prominent 21 21(20). Stems spreading hirsute; calyx densely and conspicu- ously long hairy; plants limited to Washington County C . barbigera — Stems strigose or mostly so 22 22(21). Nutlets spinular-muricate; fruiting calyx 4-6 mm long; plants of Box Elder County C. scoparia — Nutlets verrucose or verrucose-muricate; fruiting ca- lyx 6- II mm long; southern Utah C. nevadensis Key 2. Plants biennial or perennial. 1. Corolla tube elongate, distinctly surpassing the calyx; flowers usually heterostyled 2 — (-orolla tube short, scarcely if at all surpassing the calyx; flowers not heterostyled 17 1987 Welsh etal: A Utah Flora, Boraginaceae 63 2(1). Nutlets smooth and shining 3 — Nutlets more or less roughened 8 3(2). Corolla yellow 4 — Corolla white 5 4(3). Inflorescence an elongate, cylindrical thyrse; nutlets lanceolate with acute margins, usually only 1 matur- ing C. Jlava — Inflorescence consisting of a large terminal cluster with 1 or more branches remote, at maturity fre- quently stalked, in much smaller lateral clusters; nut- lets broadly ovate, with winged margins, all 4 usually maturing C . confcrtiflora 5(3). Inflorescence capitate, 0. 1-0.4 dm long; corolla limb 6-8 mm broad, the tube little surpassing the calyx; nutlets lanceolate C . capitata — Inflorescence elongate, 0.4-4.4 dm long; corolla limb 8-17 mm broad, the tube distinctly surpassing the calyx, except only slightly so in C. harnehyi, nutlets ovate 6 6(5). Upper surface of the leaves glabrous .... C. semiglabra — Upper surface of the leaves pubescent 7 7(6). Corolla limb 13-17 mm broad, the tube salverform; crests at base of tube absent; nutlets 3-3.5 mm long; plants of the north end of the San Rafael Swell, Emery County C. johnstonii — Corolla limb 8-11 mm broad, the tube funnelform; crests at base of tube conspicuous; nutlets 3.5-4.5 mm long; plants of Uintah County C . barnehyi 8(2). Nutlets uniformly muricate or papillose, or occasion- ally with some inconspicuous ridges 9 — Nutlets more or less rugose or tuberculate, or with a few inconspicuous murications 11 9(8). Leaves oblanceolate, silvery strigose, the hairs only inconspicuously pustulate; corolla 7-10 mm long, the fomices much longer than wide C . fulvocanescens — Leaves spatulate-oblanceolate to spatulate, green, the surface exposed between the hairs (or the upper surface glabrous), evidently pustulate at least on the lower surface; corolla 10-15 mm long, the fomices low and broad 10 10(9). Upper surface of the leaves glabrous ... C . creittzfeldtii — Upper surface of the leaves hairy C . jonesiana 11(8). Ventral surface of the nutlets smooth or nearly so; leaves strongly pustulate hairy on both surfaces; plants of the Uinta Basin and San Rafael Swell C . rollinsii — Ventral surface of the nutlets distinctly roughened . . 12 12(11). Leaves conspicuously pustulate on both surfaces; corolla tube 12-16 mm long; calyx-lobes 7-10 mm long at anthesis C . longiflora — Leaves sparsely if at all pustulate on the upper sur- face; corolla tube 6-12 mm long; calyx-lobes 3.5-7 mm long in anthesis 13 13(12). Inflorescence subcapitate, less than 5 cm long; corolla tube 10-12 mm long; margins of nutlets not in con- tact; plants less than 1.5 dm tall, of Duchesne, Emery, and Uintah counties C . paradoxa — Inflorescence more elongate, 0.5-3 dm long; corolla tube 5-10 mm long; margins of nutlets in contact or nearly so; plants usually over 1.5 dm tall 14 14(13). Scar of nutlets surrounded by an elevated margin but tightly closed; style exceeding nutlets 1-2 mm; calyx 3.5-4 mm long in anthesis C. bakeri — Scar of nutlets conspicuously open; style exceeding nutlets 3-8 mm; calyx 4.5-7 mm long in anthesis ... 15 15(14). Scar of nutlets conspicuously open and surrounded by a definite elevated margin C . flavoculata — Scar of nutlets slightly open and with only a incon- spicuous elevated margin if any 16 16(15). Leaves linear-spatulate; nutlets sharply and deeply rugose; corolla tube 5.5-7 mm long, the limb fun- nelform and with low, broad fomices C. tenuis — Leaves obovate to broadly oblanceolate; nutlets with rounded ridges and tubercles; corolla tube 7-10 mm long; limb more spreading and with fornices long-pa- pilose C. wetherillii 17(1). Nutlets smooth on their dorsal surface 18 — Nutlets more or less roughened, muricate, rugose or tuberculate at least dorsally 19 18(17). Fruit depressed-globular, the nutlets not in contact by their margins; style exceeding mature fruit 1-3 mm; corolla tube 2.5-3 mm long C . cinerea — Fruit conical, ovoid or lanceolate, the nutlets in con- tact by their margins or nearly so; style exceeding mature fruit 5-6 mm; corolla tube 5-7 mm long; plants of Uintah County C. barnebyi 19(17). Ventral surface of the nutlets smooth or nearly so . . . 20 — Ventral surface of nutlets roughened 23 20(19). Nutlets bordered by a conspicuous wing; robust plants, 5-10 dm tall, with long, ebracteate spikes C. setosissima — Nutlets never conspicuously winged, sometimes with an acute margin; plants shorter 21 21(20). Corolla tube 7-9 mm long; calyx 6-9 mm long in anthesis; plants of the Uinta Basin and San Rafael Swell C . rollinsii — Corolla tube 2-6 mm long; calyx 2.5-6 mm long in anthesis 22 22(21). Nutlets scarcely or not at all muricate between the rugae; strictly erect, conspicuously hispid perennials from northeastern Utah C. stricta — Nutlets distinctly muricate or tuberculate between the rugae and near the margins; plants of western Utah C . rugulosa 23(19). Nutlets conspicuously muricate or, in C. humilis, also with a few irregular low ridges 24 — Nutlets not exclusively muricate, but rugose or tu- berculate 26 24(23). Pubescence of the leaves silky-strigose or strigillose but not subtomentose or tomentose; plants of the Uinta Basin C . breviflora — Pubescence of the leaves subtomentose or tomen- tose, also setose or strigose 25 25(24). Plants 0.3-1 dm tall; leaves 0.5-2.5 cm long; calyx 2-2.5 mm long in anthesis; corolla tube 1.8-2.2 mm long; plants of Millard County C. compacta — Plants 0.4-2.5 dm tall, leaves 2.5 cm long or longer; calyx 3-5 mm long in anthesis; corolla tube 3-5 mm long; widespread C. humilis 26(23). Scar of nutlets open some distance above the base . . 27 — Scar of nutlets closed or nearly so, without a conspicu- ous triangular opening near the base 34 27(26). Scar somewhat constricted some distance below the middle of the open portion 28 — Scar triangular and not constricted below the mid- dle 29 64 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 9 28(27). Hairs with pustulate bases present on both leaf sur- faces; elevated margin of nutlet scar very prominent C . mensana — Hairs with pustulate bases present only on the lower leal surface; elevated margin evident but not very prominent C . osterhoutii 29(27). Elevated margin evident around the nutlet scar .... 30 — Elevated margin not evident around the nutlet scar . 31 30(29). Cymules elongating and so the inflorescence broad; biennial or short-lived perennials; nutlets with an evident dorsal ridge; plants of Washington County C. virginensis — Cymules short and the inflorescence narrow; long- lived caespitose perennials; nutlets with only a slight dorsal ridge, if any C . abata 31(29). Style exceeding mature fruit 1.6 mm or more; plants usually taller than 1.3 dm; widespread C . humilis — Style not exceeding the mature fruit by more than 0. 5 mm; plants usually less than 1.3 dm tall 32 32(31). Corolla tube 2-2.6 mm long; nutlets 2.3-3 mm long; plants of the Pink Limestone member of the Wasatch Formation in Garfield County C . ochroleuca — Corolla tube 3-4 mm long; nutlets 3-3.5 mm long . . 33 33(32). Ventral surface of nutlets deeply rugose and tubercu- late; plants of southern Utah C . abata — Ventral surface of nutlets indefinitely muricate; plants of Daggett and Rich counties C . caespitosa 34(26). Upper surface of the leaves uniformly appressed strigose and without pustulate hairs 35 — Upper surface of the leaves with 2 distinct kinds of hairs, some pustulate at the base 37 35(34). Nutlets sharply rugose and tuberculate; scar tightly closed and surrounded by an elevated margin C . bakeri — Nutlets not so sharply rugose or tuberculate; scar not surrounded by an elevated margin 36 36(35). Corolla tube 2-2.5 mm long; style exceeding mature fruit by 1 mm or less; plants of the Pink Limestone member of the Wasatch Formation, Garfield County C . ochroleuca — Corolla tube 3.5 mm long or longer; style exceeding fruit by more than 1 mm; plants of northeastern Utah C . sericea 37(34). Mature calyx exceeding the nutlets by 2-4 mm; stem usually solitary; plants of Grand County C . elata — Mature calyx exceeding the nutlets by 4-8 mm 38 38(37). Nutlets muricate and rugulose; plants widespread in western Utah C . humilis — Nutlets tuberculate, scarcely if at all rugulose; plants of Box Elder County and the Uinta Basin 39 39(38). Plants 1-2 dm tall; calyx 5-7 mm long in anthesis; corolla tube 3..5-.5 mm long; style exceeding mature fruit by 2 mm; plant a Uinta Basin endemic C . grahamii — Plants mostly over 2 dm tall; calyx 2-3 mm l(mg in anthesi.s; corolla tube 2-2. .5 mm long; style exceeding mature fruit by less than 1 mm, plants of Box Elder County C . interrupta Cryptantha abata Johnston Low Cryptanth. [Knj- nitzkia depressa Jones, not C . depressa A. Nt'ls. J. Plants perennial, arising from a strong, woody taproot, 5-18 cm high; stems many, 2-15 cm long, strigose and weakly setose; leaves oblanceolate to spatulate, obtuse, strigose. setose and subtomentose, the petioles ciliate; inflores- cence narrow, 2-8 cm long; calyx segments lanceolate to ovate, 2.5-4 mm long in anthesis, in fruit becoming 5-8 mm long, setose; corolla white, the tube 3-4 mm long, with crests at base of tube conspicuous, the fornices yel- low, rounded, papillose, ca 0.5 mm long; limb 7-8 mm wide; style exceeding mature fruit 0.5-1 mm; nutlets ovate, 3-3.5 mm long, 2-2.5 mm wide, usually all 4 maturing, margins in contact, obtuse to acute, dorsal surface carinate, tuberculate, muricate and sometimes with low inconspicuous ridges, ventral surface deeply and irregularly rugose; scar open, triangular, surrounded by a slightly elevated margin. Sagebrush, mountain brush, pinyon-juniper, ponderosa pine, and spruce communi- ties at 2500 to 3000 m in Beaver, Garfield, Iron, Kane, Millard, Piute, Sevier, and Wayne counties; Arizona and western Nevada; 25 (vi). Cryptantha afflnis (Gray) Greene Ally Cryptanth. [Krynitzkia affinis Gray; C . geminata Greene; C . con- fusa Rydb.; C. eastwoodiae St. John]. Usually sparsely branched herb 1-2 (4) dm tall; branches commonly few and ascending but occasionally many from the base, hispid or short-hirsute throughout; leaves narrowly to broadly oblanceolate, 1-4 (5) cm long, 2.5-6 (8) mm broad, few, short-hirsute, usually minutely pustulate, obtuse or rounded at tip, lowest pair clearly opposite; spikes geminate or solitary, usually 2 to 8, becoming 15 mm long, slender, remotely flowered, commonly with a few large leafy bracts below; corolla inconspicuous, 1-2 mm long; limb ca 1.5 mm broad; fruiting calyx 2.5-4 mm long, usually about as broad as long, laterally compressed, ascending; pedicels 0.5-1 mm long; mature calyx lobes lanceolate, somewhat connivent, not greatly surpassing the nutlets, midrib weakly thickened on the abaxial lobe, sparsely hirsute, the margins appressed hispid; nutlets 4, homomorphous, smooth or very finely granulate, shiny, brownish to greenish, frequently mottled, 1.8-2.5 mm long, ovate, obliquely compressed, back low-convex, margins rounded; groove evidently excentric, closed, simple or shortly and unequally forked at the base; gy- nobase short, stout, ca 1/2 the height of the nutlets; style evidently surpassed by nutlets or rarely equaling them. Sagebrush, mountain brush, pinyon-juniper, and aspen communities at 2050 to 2800 m in Cache, Daggett, Juab, Salt Lake, Sevier, Uintah, and Utah counties; Washing- ton and western Montana, south to Wyoming and Califor- nia; 8 (i). The most obvious characteristics of this species are the obliquely compressed nutlets which result in the e.xcentric position of the groove. Cryptantha amhigua (Gray) Greene Wilkes Cryptanth. [Eritrichium muriculatum var. ambiguum Gray; Krynitzkia ambigtia Gray; C polycarpa Greene; C. multicaulis A. Nels.; C. ambigua var. robustior Brand]. Stems usually loosely branched from the base, ascending, 1-2.5 dm tall, hirsute and somewhat strigose; leaves linear to narrowly lanceolate, 2-3 (5) cm long, 1-4 (5) mm broad, obtuse to acutish, usually somewhat ap- pressed hispid-hirsute, the hairs commonly pustulate at base; spikes often solitary, 5-15 cm long, bractless, or with the lowermost flowers bracteate, commonly not pro- jecting clear of the leafy mass of the plant and not clearly diflerentiated from the lealy branches; corolla 1-2 mm broad, inconspicuous; fruiting calyces ovate-oblong, 4-7 mm long, crowded or distant, the tube rounded-obconic at base, lobes linear or linear-lanceolate more or less 1987 Welsh et al: A Utah Flora, Boraginaceae 65 connivent, midrib thickened, tawny hirsute, margins strigose-hirsutc; pedicels 0.5-0.9 mm long; nutlets 4, broadly ovoid, L6-2 mm long, granulate and coarsely tuberculate or rarely tending to be smooth toward the base, back low-convex, sides obtuse and rounded, groove closed or somewhat open at the always broadly forked base; gynobase narrow, 1-L2 mm long, 2/3 the height of the nutlets; style reaching 4/5 to equaling the of nutlets. Dry slopes and ridges, sagebrush, mountain brush, pinyon-juniper, and aspen communities at 2100 to 2900 m in Beaver, Box Elder, Daggett, Duchesne, Grand, Juab, Sevier, Uintah, and Wasatch counties; Washington and Montana, south to northern Colorado, Nevada, and Cali- fornia; 8 (0). Cryptantha angustifolia (Terr.) Greene Narrowleaf Cryptanth. [Erithchium angustifolium Torr.; Krynitzkia angustifolia Gray]. Stems diffusely branched from the base, 0.5-3 dm tall, canescent, villous- hirsute, with light ashy gray hairs, the lowest branches decumbent or as- cending; leaves narrowly linear, 1.5-4 cm long, 1-2 mm wide, hispid or strigose, somewhat pustulate; spikes usu- ally geminate, ca 5 cm long, rather dense, bractless or with 1-2 bracts near the base; corolla minute, the tube 1-2 mm long, the limb 1-2.5 mm broad; fruiting calyces ovate-oblong, 3-4 mm long, stiffly ascending, strongly biseriate, slightly asymmetrical; pedicels less than 0.5 mm long; mature calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, slightly connivent, hispid on the thickened midrib, short villous on the margins, abaxial lobe longest and most hirsute; nutlets usually 4, heteromorphous, ovate-oblong, brown or plumbeous with pale tuberculations or rarely murica- tions, the back convex, the face flattish, the margins round or somewhat angular; odd nutlet next to the abaxial calyx lobe, a little larger and more persistent than the similarly colored and shaped consimilar nutlets, these ca 1 mm long; groove slightly open above, broadening at the base; gynobase columnar, equaled by consimilar nutlets but shorter than odd nutlet. Creosote, Joshua tree, and other warm desert communities below 930 m in Washing- ton County; Nevada and Arizona to Baja California, Sonora and western Texas; 1 (i). Cryptantha bakeri (Greene) Payson Baker Cryptanth. [Oreocarya bakeri Greene]. Biennial or short-lived perennials, 1-4 dm tall; stems 1-4 (6), 0.5-1.5 dm long, spreading setose-hirsute; leaves oblanceolate, obtuse, mostly basal, 3-6 (8) cm long, 0.5-1.2 (2) cm wide, strigose and spreading setose dorsally, pustulate, the ven- tral surface uniformly strigose and with few or no pustu- late hairs; inflorescence narrow, 0.6-2.5 (3) dm long, setose-hirsute, the foliar bracts evident, slightly surpass- ing the individual cymes; calyx segments broadly lance- olate or ovoid, in anthesis 3.5-4 mm long, in fruit becom- ing 6-8 mm broad; nutlets ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-3 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, 3 to 4 usually maturing, margins obtuse, nearly in contact, the dorsal surface deeply and sharply rugose; scar closed, surrounded by a definitely elevated margin; style exceeding mature fruit 1-2 mm; n = 12. Sagebrush, oak brush, pinyon-juniper, mountain brush, ponderosa pine, aspen, and spruce fir communi- ties at 1650 to 2700 m in Carbon, Duchesne, Garfield, Grand, Kane, San Juan, and Sevier counties; Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona; 35 (viii). Cryptantha barbigera (Gray) Greene Bearded Cr\ tp- tanth. [Eritrichium barbigerum Gray, type from St. George; Krynitzkia barbigera Gray; K. mixta Jones]. Stems erect, 1-4 dm high, solitary or several from the base, with branches strictly ascending or spreading, very bristly and sparsely if at all strigose, except in the inflores- cence; leaves oblong to lancc-linear, obtuse, 1-5 (7) cm long, 3-7 (13) mm broad, hirsute, more or less pustulate; spikes geminate or rarely solitary' or ternate, naked, as much as 15 cm long; corolla inconspicuous, the limb 1-2 mm broad; fruiting calyx ascending, 5-10 mm long, nar- rowly ovoid-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, symmetrical, deciduous; pedicels 0.3-0.7 mm long, villous; mature calyx lobes lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, connivent above with recurving tips, the margin conspicuously long white-villous, midrib thickened and hirsute, abaxial lobe slightly the longest; nutlets 1-4 homomorphous, lance- ovoid, 1.5-2.5 mm long, strongly verrucose, usually brownish, the back convex, the edges obscurely angled or rounded, groove opened or closed but base gradually dilated to form a triangular areola; gynobase narrow, 2/3 to 3/4 the height of the nutlets; style reaching to or slightly beyond the nutlet tips. Joshua tree, blackbrush, and pinyon-juniper communities below 1500 m in Washing- ton County; southern Nevada, California, Baja California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and northern Sonora; 20 (vii). Cryptantha barnebyi Johnston Barneby Cryptanth. Perennial, 1.5-3.5 dm tall; stems stout, erect, several, 0.8-1.2 dm long, conspicuously yellow-hispid; leaves oblanceolate, thick, acute, 5-9 cm long, 0.5-1.4 cm wide, coarsely appressed hispid-pustulate on both sides, and with some finer hairs beneath, the petioles conspicu- ously ciliate; inflorescence narrow, 1-1.5 dm long, densely yellowish hispid, foliar bracts evident to conspic- uous; calyx segments lanceolate, in anthesis 5-7 mm long, in fruit becoming 8-13 mm long, yellowish hirsute; corolla white or light yellow, the tube 5-7 mm long, the crests at base of tube ven,' conspicuous, the fornices yel- low, emarginate, distinctly papillose, 0.5 mm long, the limb 8-11 mm wide; style exceeding mature fruit 5-6.5 mm; nutlets ovate, 3.5-4 mm long, 2.5-3 mm wide, all 4 usually maturing, the margins in contact, acute, smooth and glossy on both surfaces; scar closed, straight, and without an elevated margin. On white barren shale knolls of the Green River Formation in shadscale, rabbitbrush, sagebrush, and pinyon-juniper communities at 1850 to 2400 m in Uintah (type 30 mi S of Ouray) County; en- demic; 45 (viii). Cryptantha breviflora (Osterh.) Payson Short-flower Cryptanth. [Oreocarya breviflora Osterh., type N of Jensen]. Long-lived perennials, 1.6-3 dm taU; stems sev- eral, slender, 0.7-1.7 dm long, densely white setose at the base, strigose above; leaves oblanceolate to spatulate, 2.5-9 cm long, 0.4-1.4 cm wide, clustered at the ends of the branched caudices, the apices obtuse, the dorsal sur- face densely and uniformly silky-strigose with many very small pustules, ventral surface similar but with fewer pustules; inflorescence in flower narrow but becoming broad and open at maturity, 0.6-2.7 dm long, setose; calyx segments linear-lanceolate, 4.5-6 mm long in an- thesis, in fruit becoming 7-9 mm long, setose; corolla white, 3.5-4.5 mm long, the crests at base of tube evi- dent, the fornices yellow, rounded, ca 0.5 mm long, the limb 8-12 mm wide; nutlets lanceolate, 3.4-4 mm long, 2-2.5 mm wide, fewer than 4 nutlets maturing, the mar- gins in contact, knifelike, the dorsal surface uniformly muricate or tuberculate, the ventral surface similar; scar 66 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 9 open, narrowly triangular, margin not elevated; style exceeding mature fruit by 2 mm or less. Mostly heavy clay soils of the Morrison and Duchesne River formations in salt desert shrub, sagebrush, rabbitbrush, pinyon-ju- niper and mountian brush communities at 1600 to 2450 m in Duchesne, Uintah, and Wasatch counties; Colorado (?); a Uinta Basin endemic; 70 (vi). Cryptantha caespitosa (A. Nels.) Payson Tufted Cryptanth. [Oreocarya caespitosa A. Nels.]. Densely caespitose or mat-forming perennials, 0.5-1.5 dm tall; stems 1 to many, arising from a much-branched woody caudex, 0.2-0.9 dm long, weakly setose and appressed strigose; leaves oblanceolate to spatulate, 1-3 cm long, 0.3-0.7 cm wide, pubescence of two kinds, strigose and appressed setose, becoming tomentulose toward the peti- ole; inflorescence narrow, 0.3-1 dm long; foliar bracts inconspicuous; calyx segments lanceolate, in anthesis 3-4 mm long, in fruit becoming 5-8 mm long, strigose and weakly setose, also somewhat tomentulose; corolla white, the tube 3-4 mm long, the crests at base of tube conspicu- ous, the fornices yellow, rounded, ca 0.5 mm long, the limb 4-7 mm wide, the margins acute, in contact, the dorsal surface with low rounded rugae, also tuberculate, and with numerous murications between the ridges, the ventral surface muricate; scar open, narrowly triangular, the margin not elevated; style equaling or 0.5 mm longer than mature fruit. Forb-grass, pinyon-juniper, mountain brush, limber pine, and spruce-fir forests at 1950 to 3120 m in Daggett and Rich counties; southern Wyoming; 5 (0). Cryptantha capitata (Eastw.) Johnston Head Cryptanth. [Oreocarya capitata Eastw.]. Perennial, 1.5-2.7 dm tall; stems weak, 1-several, 12-24 cm long, appressed setose; leaves linear or very narrowlly oblance- olate, 3-8 cm long, 3-5 (8) mm wide, dorsal surface appressed setose-pustulate, ventral surface uniformly strigose and without pustules; inflorescence capitate, or with 1 or 2 glomerules below the terminal cluster, 1-4 cm long, spreading white setose; calyx segments linear- lanceolate, 7-9 mm long in anthesis, in fruit becoming 11-16 mm long, conspicuously setose-pustulate; corolla white, the tube 9-12 mm long, the crests at base of tube conspicuous, the fornices yellow, emarginate, ca 1 mm long, papillose, the limb 6-8 mm wide; nutlets lance- olate, 4-5 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, 2-4 usually maturing, the margins in contact, knifelike, both surfaces glossy- smooth; scar closed, straight, and without an elevated margin; style exceeding mature fruit 4-5 mm. Sandy to loamy soils in pinyon-juniper, sagebrush, and mountain brush communities at 1700 to 2520 m in Garfield, Kane, San Juan, and Wayne counties; northern Arizona; 6 (0). Cryptantha cinerea (Torr.) Cronq. James Cryptanth. [C. jamesii (Torr.) Payson]. Perennials, 1-6 dm tall; stems 1 to many, 4-40 cm long, glabrous to conspicuously hirsute; leaves linear to broadly oblanceolate, obtuse to acute, 2-15 cm long, 0.2-1.5 cm wide, glabrous to hir- sute, usually pustulate dorsally, the ventral surface lack- ing pustules or the pustules very inconspicuous; inflores- cence open, the cymules usually elongating, tomentose to setose-hirsute; floral bracts inconspicuous to very con- spicuous; calyx segments ovate-lanceolate, acute, in an- thesis 3-4 mm long, in fruit 5-7 mm long, subtomentose to setose-hirsute; pedicels 1-3 mm long; corolla white, the tube 2.5-3 mm long, the crests at base of tul)e con- spicuous, the fornices light yellow, emarginate, 0.5-1 mm long, the limb 5-8 mm broad; fruit oblate-ovoid, 1-4 nutlets maturing, ovate- lanceolate, 2-2.5 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, the acute margins not in contact, both surfaces smooth and glossy; scar straight, closed, extend- ing from the base to near the apex; style exceeding mature fruit 1-3 mm. 1. Upper surface of the leaves glabrous, the petioles not ciliate-margined or the leaves tufted at the base C . cinerea var. pustulosa — Upper surface of the leaves pubescent; the petioles ciliate-margined; leaves tufted at the base 2 2(1). Stems simple; inflorescence capitate or nearly so; plants in our flora mostly limited to Navajo blow sand in Garfield, Kane, and Washington counties C . cinerea var. arenicola — Stems branched from the base and above; inflorescence otherwise 3 3(2). Stems prostrate or weakly ascending, to 2 dm long; inflorescence conspicuously leafy-bracteate; plants of western Beaver, Iron, and Washington counties C . cinerea var. abortiva — Stems erect or ascending; inflorescence only weakly leafy bracteate 4 4(3). Stems freely branched at the base and upwards, leafy, often somewhat decumbent, sparsely appressed-hairy; cymules usually notably elongating C . cinerea var. jamesii — Stems branched only near the base, pubescence mostly of dense cinereous and spreading setose hairs; leaves mostly in a dense basal tuft; cymules usually more con- gested C . cinerea var. cinerea Var. abortiva (Greene) Cronq. [Oreocarya abortiva Greene; C .jamesii var. abortiva Payson]. Rocky or grav- elly slopes and ridges in sagebrush, and pinyon-juniper communities at 1650 to 2600 m in Beaver, Iron, and Washington counties; Nevada and California; 3 (ii). Var. arenicola Higgins & Welsh [C . jatnesii var. multi- caulis authors, not (Greene) Payson]. Usually on Navajo blow sands in sagebrush, pinyon-juniper, oak, mountain brush, and ponderosa pine communities at 1650 to 2600 m in Garfield, Kane, and Washington counties; Arizona; 20 (iii). Var. cinerea [Oreocarya cinerea Greene; C. jamesii var. cinerea Payson; C. jamesii var. setosa (Jones) John- ston ex Tidestr.; C. jamesii var. multicaulis (Greene) Payson; Krynitzkia multicaulis var. setosa Jones, type from near Cove Fort, Millard County]. Sandy to clayey soils in sagebrush, pinyon-juniper, mountain brush, and ponderosa pine communities at 1650 to 2480 m in Beaver, Emery, Garfield, Iron, Kane, Piute, Sanpete, Sevier, Washington and Wayne counties; Arizona and Nevada; 60 (xii). Var. jamesii (Payson) Cronq. [Oreocarya disticha Eastw., type from San Juan County; C .jamesii var. dis- ticha Payson; C'. jamesii Payson]. Mostly sandy or grav- elly soils in mixed desert shrub, sagebrush, pinyon-ju- niper, and ponderosa pine commimities at 1720 to 2550 m in Emery, (iarfield, Kane, San Juan, and Wayne coun- ties; Utah to (Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, South Dakota, Wyoming, Kansas, Oklahoma, Te.xas, and Mex- ico; 95 (xiii). At one time I thought var. disticha was distinct, but additional evidence indicates that var. dis- ticha and var. jamesii are the same. Var. jamesii also introgresses with var. pustulosa especially in Garfield and Wavne counties. 1987 Welsh etal. A Utah Flora, Boraginaceae 67 Var. pustulosa (Rydb.) Higgins [Oreocarya pustulosa Rydb., type from Elk Mts., San Juan County; C . jamesii var. pustulosa (Rydb.) Harrington]. Sandy soils in mixed desert shrub, sagebrush, pinyon-juniper, and mountain brush communities at 1350 to 2300 m in Garfield, Kane, San Juan, and Wayne counties; Utah to southwestern Colorado, northwestern New Mexico and northeastern Arizona; 28(ii). Because var. pustulosa introgresses with var. jamesii , I cannot accept it at specific rank. Cryptantha circumscissa (H. & A.) Johnston Opening Cryptanth. [Lithospennum circurnscissum H. & A.; C. depressa A. Nels.]. Stems few to many from the base, strigose, more or less branched above, often forming a dense hemispherical mass 2-10 cm high, the outer ones often decumbent; leaves oblanceolate, 3-15 mm long, 1-2 mm broad, obtuse, the surface siliceous especially toward the pale base, strigose or short-hispid, obscurely pustulate; flowers in axils of foliaceous bracts in short somewhat indefinite racemelike clusters; corolla incon- spicuous, 1-2 (3) mm broad; fruiting calyx 2.5-4 mm long, oblong-ovoid, united to near the middle, at matu- rity' the upper half falling away by a circumscission just below the sinuses, basal part persistent, cupulate, ap- pressed-hispid; mature calyx lobes narrowly linear-lance- olate, firm-herbaceous, scarcely ribbed, more or less hispid; pedicels obscure, ca 0.5 mm long; nutlets 4, ho- momorphous, or with the abaxial one slightly longer, smooth or inconspicuously muricate, triangular-ovoid or oblong- lanceolate, 1.2-1.7 mm long, back flattened, es- pecially near the apex, margins angled, groove closed and forked at base; gynobase ca 2/3 height of nutlets; style equalling or barely exceeded by nutlets. Warm deseret shrub, blackbrush, salt desert shrub, sagebrush, pinyon- juniper, and mountain brush communities at 900 to 2500 m in Beaver, Box Elder, Duchesne, Emery, Garfield, Iron, Juab, Kane, Millard, Piute, San Juan, Sevier, Tooele, Uintah, and Washington counties; Washington to Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, and Baja California; South America; 67(vii). Cryptantha compacta Higgins Mound Cryptanth. Densely caespitose perennials, 0.3-1 dm tall; stems nu- merous, arising from a woody root, 1-4 cm long, tomen- tose below, weakly strigose above; leaves oblanceolate to spatulate, obtuse, 5-15 (20) mm long, 2-4 mm wide, the dorsal surface with appressed setose-pustulate bristles, also densely strigose or subtomentose, the ventral surface similar but with fewer pustulate hairs, the petioles to- mentose; inflorescence narrow, nearly capitate, 1-5 cm long; foliar bracts evident but not conspicuous; calyx seg- ments lanceolate, 2-2.5 mm long in anthesis, in fruit becoming 3.5-4.5 mm long, densely white setose and tomentose; corolla white, the tube 1.8-2.2 mm long, the crests at base of tube evident, the fornices yellow, rounded, papillose, about 0.5 mm long, limb 4.5-5.5 mm wide; nutlets lance-ovate, acute, 2.5-3 mm long, 1.5-1.8 mm wide, only 1 or 2 maturing, the dorsal surface muri- cate or weakly tuberculate-rugulose, the ventral surface muricate, scar open, subulate to narrowly triangular, an elevated margin lacking; style equaling or shorter than mature fruit. Salt desert shrub and mixed desert shrub communities at 1900 to 2250 m in Beaver, Millard (type from 8 mi W of Desert Experimental Range), and Tooele counties; endemic; 6 (ii). Cryptantha confertiflora (Greene) Payson Golden Cryptanth. [Oreocarya confertiflora Greene; Krynitzkia leucophaea var. alata Jones, type from Johnson, Kane County]. Perennial herbs, 1.7-4.3 dm tall; stems 1-7, slender, 1.5-2. 5dm long, tomentose at the base, strigose and setose upward ; leaves linear to oblanceolate, 3-12 cm long, 2-16 mm wide, acute, the dorsal surface densely strigose and appressed setose with pustulate bases, the ventral surface uniformly strigose and with few or no pustules; inflorescence subcapitate, 3-20 cm long, strigose and with twisted setose hairs, bracts inconspicu- ous; calyx segments linear- lanceolate, in anthesis 6-8 mm long, in fruit becoming 10-14 mm long, strigose and spreading setose; corolla yellow, the tube 9-13 mm long, the fornices broad, emarginate, ca 1 mm long, the crests at base of tube evident or sometimes lacking, the limb 8-10 mm wide; nutlets triangular or ovate, 3.5-4 mm long, 2.5-3 mm wide, usually all 4 maturing, the margins narrowly winged, in contact, surfaces smooth and glossy; scar straight, closed, and lacking an elevated margin; plants distinctly heterostyled. Warm desert shrub, sage- brush, pinyon-juniper, mountain brush, ponderosa pine, and bristlecone pine communities at 900 to 2850 m in Emen,', Garfield, Iron, Juab, Kane, Millard, San Juan, Sanpete, Sevier, Washington, and Wayne counties; Ari- zona, Nevada, and California; llO(xii). Cryptantha crassisepala (T. & G.) Greene Plains Cryptanth. [EritrichiumcrassisepahwiT. &G.]. Erector widely spreading herb 5-15 cm high, stems normally numerous, loosely ascending, branched, hirsute to hispid; leaves oblanceolate, 2-3 (6) cm long, 3-4 (6) mm wide, rounded or obtuse, thickish, hirsute, pustulate, the upper scarcely reduced; spikes solitary or rarely gemi- nate, naked or few bracted below, 5-8 (15) cm long, frequently produced from the lowest axils; corolla incon- spicuous, 1-1.5 mm wide; fruiting calyces 6-7 (10) mm long, oblong-ovoid, somewhat asymmetrical, becoming distant below; mature calyx lobes linear-lanceolate, con- nivent above, midrib strongly thickened and indurate, hispid, the margins short-hispid; pedicels short, 0.5-1.2 mm long; nutlets 4 (1 or 2 rarely aborted), distinctly heteromorphous; odd nutlet next to the axial calyx lobe, persistent, 2-2.5 (3) mm long, brownish, ovoid, acute, finely granulate and spinular-muricate; consimilar nutlets readily deciduous, 1.2-1.5 (2) mm long, oblong-ovoid, thickish coarsely tuberculate, very obscurely if at all gran- ulate, groove usually dilated and commonly excavated to form an areola occupying much of the ventral face of the nutlet; gynobase narrowly oblong, usually ca 2/3 height of consimilar nutlets; style equaling or a trifle exceeding the consimilar nutlets, surpassed by odd nutlet. Mixed desert shrub, blackbrush, sagebrush, and pinyon-juniper com- munities at 1200 to 1820 m in Carbon, Emery, Garfield, Grand, Kane, Millard, San Juan, Sevier, Washington, and Wayne counties; Colorado, Arizona, Texas, and Mex- ico; 94 (x). Our plants, which have a very narrow corolla limb, belong to var. elachantha Johnston. Cryptantha creutzfeldtii Welsh Creutzfeldt-flower. Perennial herbs, 7-23 cm tall; stems many, arising from a multicipital caudex and stout black-barked taproot, the caudex branches 2- 12 cm long clothed by marcescent leaf bases; leaves narrowly spatulate to oblanceolate, acute to obtuse, 2-8 cm long, 2-9 mm wide, coarsely appressed setose-pustulate (appearing ashy gray on leaves of previ- ous years) below, the petioles long-setose; inflorescence an interrupted thyrse, with few to several clusters below the terminal subcapitate one; calyx segments lance-linear 68 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 9 in anthesis, 6-8 mm long, in fruit 9-13 mm long, densely long-setose with yellowish, ascending bristles; corolla white, the tube 8-11 mm long, campanulate in the throat, the fornices low and broad, the crests at base of tube lacking, the limb 10-13 mm wide; nutlets lance- olate, 4-5 mm long, muricate; scar narrow, open, without an elevated margin. Mancos Shale in shadscale and mat- atriplex communities at 1600 to 1980 m in western Car- bon and Emery (type from N of Emery) counties; en- demic; 10 (0). Cryptantha decipiens (Jones) Heller Beguiling Cryptanth. [Krynitzkia decipiens Jones]. Stems 1-4 dm high, slender, loosely branched, strigose and frequently short-hispid; leaves few, linear, obtuse, 1-3 cm long, 1-3 (4) mm wide, strigose and sometimes hispid, minutely pustulate; spikes slender, geminate or rarely solitary or ternate, bractless, usually becoming loosely flowered, 4-10 cm long; corolla inconspicuous in ours, 0.8-1 mm broad; fruiting calyx ovoid to ovoid-oblong, strictly as- cending, asymmetrical, 2.5-7 (9) mm long, deciduous, sessile; mature calyx lobes lance-linear, decidedly con- nivent above with the tips frequently spreading or even recurving, midrib thickened and usually evidently hir- sute, the margins strigose, abaxial lobe evidently the longest and most hirsute; nutlets 1 or rarely 2, next the abaxial calyx lobe, ovoid-lanceolate, 1.5-2.4 mm long, muriculate-granulate to tuberculate, usually brownish, the back convex, the sides rounded; groove open or closed but always dilated below to form a definite areola; gynobase 1/2-1/3 as high as nutlet; style much surpassed by nutlet, 1/2-2/3 the height of nutlet. Creosote, Joshua tree, blackbrush, and pinyon-juniper communities below 1500 m in Washington County; Nevada, Arizona, and California; 15 (viii). Cryptantha dumetorum Greene Greene Cryptanth. [Krijnitzkia dumetorum Greene]. Laxly branched closely strigose herb; stems at first erect but later commonly much elongated and sprawling or climbing among bushes; leaves lanceolate, thickish, 2-4 cm long, 2-4 (8) mm wide, sparsely appressed hirsute-villous, closely pus- tulate below and finely so above; spikes solitary or gemi- nate, usually remotely flowered, 5-15 cm long, occasion- ally with foliaceous bracts toward base, the rachis brittle and tortuously flattened; corolla inconspicuous, ca 1 mm broad; fruiting calyx closely appressed to rachis, 2-3 mm long, very asymmetrical, not deciduous, the base very oblique and downwardly gibbous on axial side; mature calyx lobes connivent and subequal, the 3 abaxial lobes lanceolate, somewhat strigose, with the thickened midribs deflexed hirsute, the 2 axial lobes partly united, hirsute only on outer margins; nutlets 4, hetero- morphous, granulate and muricate, odd nutlet persistent, axial, broadly lanceolate, 2-3 mm long, the base much developed and distorting the calyx, the groove open and broad; consimilar nutlets 1.5-2 mm long, deciduous, lanceolate, the groove closed or very narrow; gynobase narrow; style shortly suqiassed by nutlets or reaching to their tips. Creosote bush, Joshua tree, and blackbrush communities below 1250 m in Washington County; Ari- zona, Nevada, and California; 2 (ii). Cryptantha elata (Eastw.) Payson Tall Oyptanth. [Oreocarya elata Eastw.]. Biennial or short-lived peren- nials, 3-5 dm tall; stems 1-6, erect, stout, weakly setose with spreading white hairs, 9- 15 cm long; leaves oblance- olate to spatulate, 2-5 cm long, 4-13 mm wide, the apices acute to obtuse, the blade abruptly tapering to the narrow petiole, the dorsal surface strigose and appressed setose, the ventral surface strigose, both surfaces pustu- late; inflorescence spreading or open in age, 1.5-3.5 dm long, setose; foliar bracts inconspicuous; calyx segments lanceolate, in anthesis 3-4.5 mm long, in fruit becoming 7-8 mm long, hirsute; corolla white, the tube 3.5-5 mm long, the fornices yellow, rounded, papillose, ca 1 mm long, the crests at base of tube well developed, the limb 6-8 mm wide; nutlets lance-ovate, 4-4.5 mm long, 2-2.5 mm wide, usually all 4 maturing, the margins in contact, the dorsal surface densely tuberculate and somewhat rugulose, also covered with dense minute papillae, the ventral surface similar but the roughenings less promi- nent; scar closed, or narrowly open at the base, without an elevated margin; style exceeding mature fruit 0.5—2 mm. Mancos Shale in salt desert shrub communities at 1550 to 1700 m in Grand County; Colorado; 8 (ii). Cryptantha fendleri (Gray) Greene [Krynitzkia fend- leri Gray; Eritrichiiim hispidum var. leiocarpum Kuntze; C. ramulosissima A. Nels.; C. wyomingensis Gand.]. Stems erect, usually evident throughout and bearing lat- eral branches mostly above the middle, sometimes rather bushy-branched from near the base, 1-5 dm tall, more or less densely hispid and frequently appressedly so; leaves narrowly oblanceolate to linear, 2-5 cm long, 2-4 mm broad, appressed-hirsute, often pustulate on the lower surface; spikes solitary or geminate, 2-12 cm long, loosely flowered, bractless or rarely bracted below; corolla inconspicuous, ca 1 mm broad; fruiting calyces ovate-oblong, 4-5 (7) mm long, ascending, slightly asym- metrical, obscurely biserial; pedicels ca 0.5 mm long; mature calyx lobes linear to lance-linear, usually loosely connivent with the tips somewhat spreading, the midrib hirsute, thickened, the margins strigose; nutlets 4, homo- morphous, or sometimes reduced to 1-3, smooth, some- what shiny, lanceolate, acuminate, 1.5-2 mm long, con- vex on dorsal face, rounded or somewhat obtuse on the sides; groove closed above, but opening into a definite deltoid areola at the base; gynobase subulate, twice the length of the style, at least 2/3 the height of the nutlets; style equaling or barely surpassing the nutlets. Sage- brush, pinyon-juniper, mountain brush, and ponderosa pine communities at 1850 to 2800 m in Daggett, Duch- esne, Emery, Garfield, Iron, Kane, Sevier, Tooele, Uin- tah, Wasatch, Washington, and Wayne counties; Alberta and Saskatchewan south to Nebraska, New Mexico, Ari- zona to Oregon and Washington; 38 (viii). Cryptantha flava (A. Nels.) Payson Yellow Cryptanth. [Oreocarya flava A. Nels.; O . torva A. Nels., type from Price]. Perennial, 1.3-4 dm tall; stems many from a multiple caudex, 8-26 cm long, densely setose, white- hairy at the base, becoming setose and strigose upward; leaves narrowly oblanceolate to nearly linear, acute, 2-9 cm long, 3-8 mm wide, the dorsal surface strigose and appressed setose with pustulate hairs, the ventral surface almost imifornily strigose and with the pustules less con- spicuous; inflorescence narrow to somewhat open, 0.5-2.5 dm long, conspicuously yellow-setose, the floral bracts inconspicuous; calyx segments linear, in anthesis 8-10 mm long, in fruit becoming 9- 12 nun long, densely setose, with yellowish hairs; pedicels 3-5 mm long in fruit; corolla yellow, the tube 9-12 nun long, the crests at the base of the tube absent or nearly so, the fornices yellow, truncate, emarginate, 1-1.5 mm long, the limb 1987 Welsh etal: A Utah Flora, Boraginaceae 69 8-10 mm wide; nutlets lanceolate, 3.4-4 mm long, L9-2.2mmvvide, 1 or 2 usually maturing, margins acute, in contact when more than 1 nutlet matures, both surfaces of nutlet smooth and glossy; scar straight, closed, elevated margin lacking; style exceeding mature fruit 3-7 mm (heterostyled); n = 12. Mixed desert shrub, salt desert shrub, sagebrush, Mormon tea, and pinyon-juniper com- munities at 1280 to 2600 m in Carbon, Daggett, Duch- esne, Emery, Garfield, Grand, Kane, San Juan, Sevier, Uintah, and Wayne counties; Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona; 250 (xxii). Cryptantha flavoculata (A. Nels.) Payson Yellow-eye Cryptanth. [Oreucarya flavoculata A. Nels. J. Caespito.se perennials, 10-37 cm tall; stems 1 to several, slender, 5-20 cm long, strigose and spreading setose with slender bristles; leaves linear-oblanceolate to spatulate, obtuse or sometimes acute, 3-11 cm long, 3-15 mm wide, densely strigose and weakly setose, the dorsal surface conspicu- ously pustulate, the ventral surface with a few pustules or sometimes silky-strigose; inflorescence narrow or some- times slightly open and lax, 5-30 cm long; foliar bracts evident but not conspicuous; calyx segments in anthesis linear-lanceolate, 5-6 mm long, in fruit becoming 8-10 mm long and becoming broadly lanceolate to ovate; corolla white or pale-yellow, the tube 7-10 mm long, the crests at base of tube lacking, the fornices yellow, minutely papillose, 1-2 mm long, the limb 8-12 mm wide; nutlets lanceolate to lance-ovate, 2.5-3.5 mm long, 1.8-2 mm wide, usually all 4 maturing, with margins obtuse, in contact or slightly separated, the dorsal surface muricate, tuberculate, and with conspicuous ridges, sometimes nearly foveolate, the ventral surface tubercu- late, rarely with ridges; scar open, constricted near the middle and surrounded by a highly elevated margin; style exceeding mature fruit 4-8 mm (heterostyled). Sage- brush, pinyon-juniper, mountain brush, and ponderosa pine communities at 1650 to 3160 m in all counties except Cache, Davis, Morgan, Piute, Rich, Salt Lake, and We- ber counties; Wyoming and Colorado to New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and California; 315 (xxxv). Cryptantha fulvocanescens (Wats.) Payson Yellow- hair Cryptanth. [Knjnitzkia echinoides Jones, type from Paria Canyon; C. fulvocanescens var. echinoides (Jones) Higgins]. Densely caespitose perennials from a strongly lignified taproot, 8-30 cm tall; stems many from a multi- ple caudex, 5- 13 cm long, white-hairy at the base, setose- hispid upward; leaves oblanceolate to spatulate, acute to obtuse, 1.5-7 cm long, 4-12 mm wide, uniformly strigose, with pustules mainly confined to the dorsal sur- face; inflorescence narrow or somewhat open at maturity, 3-19 cm long, white or yellowish setose; foliar bracts inconspicuous; calyx segments linear, 4-6 mm long in anthesis, in fruit becoming 9-13 mm long, densely white or yellowish setose; pedicels 2-10 mm long; corolla white, the tube 7-11 mm long, the crests at base of tube evident or lacking, the fornices yellow, emarginate or rounded, 0.7-1.3 mm long, the limb 7-9 mm broad, nutlets lance-ovate, 3.5-4.5 mm long, 2-3 mm broad, 1 or 2 usually maturing, margins acute to obtuse, , in contact when more than 1 nutlet matures, with both surfaces densely and uniformly muricate; scar open or nearly closed, an elevated margin lacking; style exceeding ma- ture fruit 3-7 mm. Mancos Shale in salt desert shrub, blackbrush, sagebrush, and pinyon-juniper communities at 1500 to 2150 m in Carbon, Emerv, Garfield, Grand, Kane, San Juan, and Wayne counties; Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona; 78 (ix). Cryptantha gracilis Osterh. Slender Cryptanth. [C . hilhiuinnii Nels. & Kennedy; C. gracilis var. hillniannii Munz & Johnston]. Stems slender, 10-20 cm high, erectly branched, usually solitary, densely spreading short-hirsute; leaves linear or narrowly oblanceolate, the lower 1.5-3 cm long, 1-3 mm broad, the upper usually much reduced, obtuse or rounded, ascendingly short-hir- sute, minutely pustulate; spikes solitary or geminate, usually dense, 1-2 mm broad; fruiting calyx ovate, divari- cate, 2-2.8 mm long, early deciduous, the base evidently conical, sessile; mature calyx lobes lanceolate, densely appressed tawny hispid-villous, with tips erect and mid- rib slightly thickened and inconspicuously short-hispid; nutlets 1 or rarely 2-3 and unequally developed, lance- olate, 1.5-2 mm long, 0.8-1 mm broad, smooth and shiny, acute, with back nearly flat and sides rounded at least near the apex; groove mostly opened to above the middle and scarcely forked below; style reaching to 2/3-3/4 height of nutlet. Mixed desert shrub, sagebrush, pinyon-juniper, and mountain brush communities at 1200 to 2800 m in Beaver, Box Elder, Carbon, Daggett, Emery, Garfield, Juab, Kane, Millard, Piute, Salt Lake, San Juan, Sanpete, Sevier, Uintah, Utah, and Washing- ton counties; Idaho and Colorado to Arizona and Califor- nia; 45 (vii). Cryptantha grahamii Johnston Graham Cryptanth. Long-lived perennial from a thick woody taproot, 15-25 cm tall; stems several, 4-12 cm long, weakly spreading setose; leaves spatulate to oblanceolate, 2-4.5 cm long, 4-10 mm wide, conspicuously setose pustulate on both surfaces, with some finer pubescence beneath; inflores- cence narrow, 0.4-1 dm long setose; foliar bracts evident but not conspicuous; calyx segments lanceolate, in anthe- sis 5-7 mm long, in fruit becoming 7-9 mm long, very setose; corolla white, the tube 3.5-5 mm long, con- stricted at the middlle, the crests at base of tube evident, the fornices yellow, emarginate, papillose, 0.5-1 mm long, the limb 11-15 mm wide; nutlets lanceolate, 3-3.8 mm long, 1.7-2 mm wide, 2-4 maturing, the margins in contact, acute, both surfaces with inconspicuous, small, low-rounded tubercles or some of these confluent into short irregular ridges; scar straight, open, narrowly lin- ear, the margin not elevated; style coarse, exceeding mature fruit 1.8-2.2 mm. Green River Shale in mixed desert shrub, sagebrush, pinyon-junper, and mountain brush communities at 1520 to 2250 m in Duchesne and Uintah (type from mouth of Sand Wash) counties; en- demic; 49 (ix). Cryptantha humilis (Greene) Payson Dwarf Cryp- tanth. [Oreocarija humilis Greene; O . shantzii Tidestr., type from Great Salt Lake; C . humilis var. shantzii (Tide- str.) Higgins; O. commixta Macbr., type from Juab, Juab County; C. hwnilis var. commixta (Macbr.) Higgins; C. nana var. ovina Payson; C . humilis var. ovina (Payson) Higgins; O. dolosa Macbr., type from Logan]. Perenni- als, more or less densely caespitose, 5-30 cm tall; stems many, arising from the ends of the branched caudex, 2- 15 cm long, strigose to spreading setose; leaves oblanceolate to spatulate, 1-6 cm long, 2- 12 mm wide, strigose, setose or subtomentose, pustulate on both surfaces; inflores- cence narrowly cylindrical to open and lax, 2-18 dm long, tomentose to conspicuously setose; calyx segments linear- lanceolate, in anthesis 2.5-4.5 mm long, in fruit becom- 70 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 9 ing6-13mmlong, setose or tomentose; corolla white, the tube 2.5-4.5 mm long, the crests at base of tube conspic- uous to nearly obsolete; fomices yellow, more or less papillose, rounded, ca 0.5 mm long; limb 7-10 mm wide; nutlets lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 3-4.5 mm long, 1.8-3.2 mm wide, 1 to 4 of them maturing, the margins in contact, acute to somewhat obtuse, the dorsal surface muricate, tuberculate, or somewhat rugulose, the ventral surface indistinctly muricate or tuberculate; scar open, triangular, margin not elevated; style from shorter than to longer than the mature fruit by 2.5 mm. Salt desert shrub, mixed desert shrub, sagebrush, pinyon-juniper, and mountain brush communities at 1500 to 2540 m in all counties except Daggett, Rich, Summit, and Wasatch; Montana to Idaho, Colorado, Arizona, and California; 226 (xx). This is the most variable of all Utah cryptanthas. In a previous treatment of the Utah borages I recognized four varieties, but additional evidence does not support segre- gation of infraspecific taxa. Pubesence throughout the range is quite constant, however, some plants in the Uinta Basin are more hispid than otherwise. The style length varies from slightly shorter than to 2 mm longer than the mature nutlets. The nutlets can be densely and uniformly muricate to muricate-rugose. These characters exist in varying degree, but lack geographical correlation, except those plants in the Uinta Basin that tend to be shorter, more hispid, with short styles and quite rugulose nutlets. These might best be designated C . humilis var. nana (Eastw. ) Higgins [O . nana Eastw. ; C . nana (Eastw. ) Payson]. Cryptantha inaequata Johnston Unequal Cryptanth. Stems erect or ascending, 3-4 dm high, branched throughout or sometimes the basal branches elongated and simple or nearly so, hispid and strigose or hirsute toward the base; leaves linear to narrowly-oblanceolate, 2-4 cm long, acute, often becoming more or less convo- lute, more or less hispid, pustulate, especially beneath; spikes geminate or solitary, 4-12 cm long, at times few bracted below; corolla inconspicuous, the tube shorter than the calyx, the limb 1-2.5 mm broad; fruiting calyx ovoid-oblong, 2.5-3 mm long, ascending; pedicels less than 0.5 mm long; mature calyx lobes lanceolate, midrib thickened and hirsute, villous-ciliate on the margins; nut- lets 4, heteromorphous, triangular-ovate, dark with small pale tuberculations, the margins acute, the groove closed above but below gradually enlarging into a shallow trian- gular areola; odd nutlet ca 1.7 mm long, somewhat persis- tent, slightly paler than the others, next to the abaxial calyx lobe; consimilar nutlets ca 1.3 mm long; gynobase equaling consimilar nutlets but surjxissed by odd nutlet; style much surpassing the nutlets. Warm desert shrub, blackbrush, and mixed desert shrub communities below 1250 m in Kane, San Juan, and Washington counties; Utah to northern Arizona, and Nevada; 5 (i). This species is closely allied with C. angnstifolia and has been placed in synonomy by Cronquist. However, C . an^.ustifolia has smaller nutlets with the margins rounded and never knifelike or with a narrow winged-margin as in C. inae- quata . C . inaeqtiata is also a more robust plant. I find no basis on which to combine them. Cryptantha interrupta (Greene) Payson Basin Cryptanth. [Oreocarya interrupta Creenej. Long lived perennial, 1.7-6 dm tall; stems few to several, slender, 1-3.5 dm long, strigose and weakly setose with slender white hairs; leaves oblanceolate to spatulate, obtuse, 1.5—7 cm long, 4-12 mm wide, lower surface densely strigose and appressed setose-pustulate, the upper sur- face more finely strigose, the setose hairs less conspicuous and, pustules fewer; inflorescence narrow, interrupted, 1-2.5 dm long, densely setose, the cymes somewhat elongating at the top, the foliar bracts evident on lower part of stem; calyx segments lanceolate, 2-3 mm long in anthesis, in fruit becoming 5-8 mm long, setose; corolla white, the tube 2-2.5 mm long, the crests at base of tube conspicuous, the fomices light yellow, slightly emar- ginate, ca 0.5 mm long, the limb 5-6 mm wide; style exceeding mature fruit by less than 1 mm; nutlets lance- olate, 3.3-3.6 mm long, 1.7-2 mm wide, all four usually maturing, the margins in contact, acute and both surfaces tuberculate with scattered rounded tubercles, or some- times nearly smooth; scar slightly open, linear, margin not elevated. On white tuffaceous slopes in rabbitbrush, salt desert shrub, sagebrush, and pinyon-juniper commu- nities at 1720 to 2150 m in Box Elder County; Idaho, and Nevada; 6 (0). Cryptantha johnstonii Higgins Johnston Cryptanth. Caespitose perennial 1-2.5 dm tall; stems several, arising from the branched caudex, 6-13 cm long, very weakly strigose; leaves oblanceolate, the apices obtuse to acute, 2-6. 5 cm long, 4-10 mm wide, the dorsal surface strigose with conspicuous pustulate hairs; inflorescence some- what open, 5-20 cm long; floral bracts evident but not conspicuous, 1-2 cm long; calyx segments linear-lance- olate, in anthesis 5-6 mm long, in fruit becoming 8-10 mm long, strigose and spreading white-setose; pedicels 0.5-1 mm long; corolla white, the tube 12-15 mm long, flaring in the throat, the crests at base of tube lacking, the fomices yellow, 1-1.5 mm long, emarginate, papillose, the limb 13-17 mm broad; nutlets ovate, 3-3.5 mm long, 2.3-2.7 mm wide, usually all 4 maturing, the margins acute and knifelike, in contact, both surfaces smooth and glossy; scar straight, closed, an elevated margin lacking; style exceeding mature fruit 3-8 mm (heterostyled). Mixed desert shrub and pinyon-juniper communities at 1800 to 1950 m in Emery (type from Huntington road, ca 15 mi W. of US 50-6) County; endemic; 12 (iv). Cryptantha jonesiana (Payson) Payson Jones Cryp- tanth. [Oreocarya jonesiana Payson, type from San Rafael Swell]. Coarse caespitose perennials, 5-15 cm tall; stems many, arising from a thick-woody multiple caudex, 2-7 cm long, setose; leaves spatulate, 1-4 cm long, 4-13 mm wide, coarsely appressed setose-pustulate; leaf bases also setose with dense white hairs; inflorescence narrow, somewhat capitate, with 1-3 flowers in the axils of the bracts below the terminal cluster; calyx lobes lanceolate to nearly linear, in anthesis 5-7 mm long, in fruit becom- ing 7-10 mm long, densely setose, with ascending yel- lowish bristles; corolla white, the tube 10-15 mm long, campanulate in the throat, the fornices low and broad, papillose, the crests at base of tube lacking, the limb 9- 13 mm wide; nutlets lanceolate, 3.5-4.5 mm long, densely and uniformly muricate, or with a few short low ridges; scar narrow, open, and without an elevated margin; style exceeding mature fruit 4-6 mm. Mixed desert shrub and pinyon-juniper conununities at 1700 to 2280 m in Emery County; endemic; 25 (vi). Cryptantha kelseyana Greene Kelsey Oyptanth. (C. pattersottii authors, not (Cray) Greene]. Spreading or a.scending hirsute herb 5-25 cm high; stems I to several, hirsute and also hispid-strigose; leaves Hnear or narrowly 1987 Welsh et al.: A Utah Flora, Boraginaceae 71 oblanceolate, L5— 3 (4) cm long, 2 — 1 mm widf, rounded or obtuse, thickish, hirsute, pustulate, the upper ones scarcely reduced; spikes usually solitary, 4-9 cm long, naked or with a few bracts near the base; corolla minute, 1-2 mm broad; fruiting calyces 4-6 nun long, ovate- oblong, spreading, loose or dense, somewhat asymmetri- cal; pedicels short but definite, ca 0.8 mm long; mature calyx lobes linear, weakly connivent above, midrib thick- ened, hirsute to hispid, margins inconspicuously villous- strigose; nutlets 4, heteromoqihous; odd nutlet next to the axial calyx lobe, broadly lance-ovoid, 2-2.6 mm long, smoothish or granulate or muriculate-granulate or rarely somewhat tuberculate, standing ofT slightly from the gy- nobase; consimilar nutlets lance- or oblong-ovoid, L 8-2. 3 mm long, coarsely tuberculate and usually granu- late, darker than the odd nutlet, the sides rounded; groove narrow or closed, near base abruptly dilated to form a small triangular areola; gynobase subulate, a little longer than the style, 1/2 to 2/3 height of consimilar nutlets; style surjiassed by odd nutlet and just surpassing or even exceeded by consimilar ones. Salt desert shrub, mixed desert shrub, sagebrush, pinyon-juniper, and mountain brush communities at 1580 to 2500 m in Car- bon, Daggett, Duchesne, Grand, Millard, San Juan, Sevier, Tooele, Wasatch, and Weber counties; Saskatchewan and Montana south to Wyoming and Colo- rado; 40 (ii). Cryptantha longiflora (A. Nels.) Payson Long-flower Cryptanth. [Oreocarya longiflora A. Nels.]. Short-lived perennial or possible biennials, 0.8-3 (5) dm tall; stems 1 to several, 5-10 cm long, setose and spreading hirsute; leaves spatulate, obovate or oblanceolate, 2-7 cm long, 5—15 mm wide, both surfaces strigose and strongly hir- sute, pustulate; inflorescence broad and open, 7-25 cm long, setose; foliar bracts inconspicuous; calyx segments linear-lanceolate, in anthesis 7-10 mm long, in fruit be- coming 10-16 mm long, setose; corolla white, the tube 12-14 mm long, lacking crests at base of tube, the for- nices yellow, emarginate, broad, rounded, papillose, 0.5-1 mm long, the limb 9-11 mm wide; style exceeding mature fruit 4-9 mm (heterostyled); nutlets lanceolate- ovate 3-4 mm long, 2.2-2.6 mm wide, 2-4 maturing, both surfaces with tubercles and low rounded ridges; scar straight, closed or very narrowly open, with a slightly elevated margin. Salt desert shrub and pinyon-juniper communities at 1450 to 1830 m in Emen.' and Grand counties; Colorado; a Navajo Basin endemic; 15 (iii). Cryptantha mensana (Jones) Payson Carbon Cryptanth. [Krynitzkia mensana Jones, type from Emery]. Short-lived perennials, 10-15 (20) cm tall; stems 1 to several, 5-12 cm long, setose-hirsute, with some finer strigose hairs beneath; leaves oblanceolate to spatu- late, obtuse, 3-8 cm long, 5-14 mm wide, lower surface setose with pustulate hairs, also finely strigose, ventral surface strigose, less setose and with fewer pustules; inflo- rescence broad, open, 4-12 cm long, setose; foliar bracts well developed; calyx segments lanceolate, in anthesis 4-5 mm long, in fruit becoming 7-8 mm long, setose-hir- sute; corolla white, the tube 3-4 mm long, the crests at base of tube lacking or nearly so, the fornices yellow, rounded, slightly papillose, ca 0.5 mm long, the limb 5-8 mm wide; nutlets ovoid, 3-3.5 mm long, 1.6-1.9 mm wide, the margins obtuse, not in contact, the dorsal sur- face rugose, tuberculate and somewhat muricate, the ventral surface conspicuously tuberculate; scar open. constricted at the middle and surrounded by a high ele- vated margin; style exceeding mature fruit 1.5-2 mm. Salt desert shrub, mixed desert shrub, sagebrush, pinyon-juniper, mountain brush, and ponderosa pine communities at 1750 to 2790 m in Carbon, Duchesne, Emery, Garfield, Grand, Sevier, Utah, and Wayne coun- ties; endemic; 72 (viii). Cryptantha micrantha (Torr.) Johnston Dye Cryptanth. [Eritrichium inicrunthum Torr., Ereirwcarya muricatu lUdb., type from southern Utah]. Slender, di- chotomously branched herb 5-15 cm high, drying brownish; root and lower parts of the stem stained with a purple dye; leaves oblong-oblanceolate, 3-7 mm long, 0.8-1.4 mm wide, whitish strigose or short-hirsute, rounded at apex, uppermost scarcely reduced and ex- tending through the inflorescence; spikes numerous, soli- tary or geminate, densely flowered and strongly unilat- eral, leafy-bracted throughout, 1-4 cm long; corolla inconspicuous to medium-sized, the limb 0.5-2.5 mm broad; fruiting calyx ovoid-oblong, 1.8-2.5 mm long, slightly asymmetrical, decidedly biseriate, the base broadly conical; pedicels 0.5-0.8 mm long; mature calyx lobes oblong-lanceolate, broad, erect, hirsute, the midrib not evidently thickened; nutlets 4, 1-1.3 mm long, smooth or tuberculate, with 1 sometimes a little longer and more persistent than the others, the groove extend- ing full length of nutlet, narrow, scarcely broadened at base; gynobase subulate, nearly as long as the calyx, much surpassing the nutlets and bearing at its summit the ses- sile stigma. Creosote bush, warm desert shrub, black- brush, saltbush, sagebrush, and pinyon-juniper commu- nities below 1880 m in Garfield, Kane, Millard, San Juan, Tooele, and Washington counties; Texas and New Mexico to Oregon, California, and Baja California; 65 (xiv). Cryptantha nevadensis Nels. & Kennedy Nevada Cryptanth. [C . leptophylla Rydb., type from St. George]. Stems slender, 1-5 dm high, 1 to several, erect or usually flexuous, appressed short-strigose, mostly laxly branched; leaves linear-oblanceolate to linear, acute or obtuse, 1-4 cm long, 1-5 (7) mm broad, not numerous, appressed short-hispid, more or less pustulate; spikes geminate or ternate, terminal, also scattered along the stem on short, slender, axillary branches, occasionally bracted toward the base, congested and somewhat glom- erate or elongate and to 15 cm long; corolla inconspicu- ous, the limb 1-2 mm broad; fruiting calyx oblong-ovoid to lanceolate, 5-12 mm long, ascending, slightly asym- metrical; pedicels ca 0.5 mm long; mature calyx lobes lanceolate or linear, connivent above with the slender tips usually recurving, margins more or less villous and hispid on the somewhat thickened midrib; nutlets 4, homo- morphous, verrucose or muriculate toward the tip, lance- olate to lance-ovoid, 2-2.9 mm long, back convex, the margins somewhat angled, groove open or closed, dilated below into a small areola; gynobase narrow; style reaching to or almost to the tips of the nutlets. Creosote bush, other warm desert shrub, sagebrush, and pinyon-juniper communities below 2130 m in Kane, San Juan, and Wash- ington counties; Nevada and Arizona to California and Baja California; 16 (viii). Cryptantha ochroleuca Higgins Yellowish Crvptanth. Low caespitose perennial, 2-13 cm tall; stems several, 1-4 cm long, strigose and weakly setose; leaves linear- oblanceolate to oblanceolate, the apices acute or some- times obtuse, 1-2.5 cm long, 1-3 mm wide; basal leaves 72 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 9 uniformly and densely strigose, sparsely setose, the peti- oles white-hairy; cauline leaves strigose and with some setose-pustulate bristles; inflorescence narrow, 2-7 cm long, weakly setose; calyx segments linear-lanceolate, 2-2.5 (3) mm long in anthesis, in fruit becoming 4-6 mm long, setose; corolla pale yellow, the tube 2-2. 5 mm long, the crests at base of tube conspicuous, the fornices yel- low, rounded, ca 0.3 mm long, the limb 4-5 mm wide; nutlets lanceolate, 2.5-3 mm long, 1.4-1.6 mm wide, usually only 1 maturing, the margin acute, the dorsal surface irregularly rugose with low rounded ridges, the ventral surface only slightly uneven; scar open, narrowly triangular, extending 3/4 the length of the nutlet and lacking an elevated margin; style scarcely surpassing the mature fruit. Pink Limestone member of the Wasatch Formation in pinyon-juniper, ponderosa pine, and bris- tlecone pine communities at 2300 to 2850 m in Garfield (type from Red Canyon) County; endemic; 9 (iii). Cryptantha osterhoutii (Payson) Payson Osterhout Cryptanth. [Oreocarya osterhoutii Payson]. Densely cae- spitose perennials, 7-12 cm tall; stems slender, many, arising from the densely branched multiple caudex, 3-6 cm long, strigose and spreading setose; leaves spatulate to oblanceolate, obtuse, 1-3 cm long, 3-8 mm wide, the dorsal surface strigose and appressed setose, pustulate, the ventral strigose, not pustulate or the pustules incon- spicuous; petioles ciliate; inflorescence open, 3-8 cm long, weakly white-setose; foliar bracts inconspicuous; calyx segments lanceolate, in anthesis 2.5-4 mm long, in fruit becoming 5-6.5 mm long, strigose and spreading white-setose; corolla white, the tube 2-3 mm long, the crest at base of tube usually evident but poorly devel- oped, the fornices yellow, broad, emarginate, papillose, ca 0.5 mm long, the limb 5-7 mm wide; nutlets lance- olate, 2.7-3.2 mm long, 1.8-2.2 mm broad, usually less than 4 nutlets maturing, the obtuse margins not in con- tact, the dorsal surface carinate, sharply tuberculate and rugose, the ventral sharply tuberculate; scar open, con- stricted above the base, an elevated margin evident but not conspicuous; style exceeding mature fruit 0.2-0.7 mm. Blackbrush, mixed desert shrub, oak brush, salt bush, and pinyon-juniper communities at 1520 to 2000 m in Garfield, Grand, San Juan, and Wayne counties; Colo- rado; a Navajo Basin endemic; 29 (iv). Cryptantha paradoxa (A. Nels.) Payson Paradox Cryptanth. [Oreocarya paradoxa A. Nels.]. Caespitose perennial, 4- 12 cm tall; stems 1 to many, slender, 2-8 cm long, subtomentose near the base, weakly setose above; leaves oblanceolate to spatulate, usually folded, obtuse, 1.5-4 cm long, 2-4 mm wide, the dorsal surface with appressed setose-pustulate hairs, the ventral one uni- formly strigose and without pustulate hairs; petioles cili- ate; inflorescence subcapitate, 1-4 cm long, setose; foliar bracts inconspicuous; calyx segments linear-lanceolate in anthesis 5-6 mm long, in fruit becoming 6-8 mm long, weakly setose; corolla white, usually with a yellow tube 10-12 mm long, lacking crests at base of tube, the for- nices yellow, broad, emarginate, papillose, ca 0.5 mm long, the limb 10-12 (15) mm wide; nutlets lanceolate, turgid, 2-3 mm long, 1.3-1.6 mm wide, all 4 usually maturing, the margins acute to obtuse, not in contact, the dorsal surface densely tuberculate and conspicuously rugose, the ventral surface tuberculate, also somewhat rugulose; scar open, constricted below the middle, the margin elevated; style exceeding mature fruit 4-9 mm. Salt desert shrub, mixed desert shrub, sagebrush, and pinyon-juniper communities at 1200 to 2150 m in Emery, Duchesne, and Uintah counties; Colorado and New Mex- ico; a Colorado Plateau endemic; 38 (v). Cryptantha pterocarya (Torn.) Greene Wing-nut Cryptanth. Stems erect, branched throughout with as- cending branches, 1-5 dm high, short-hirsute with either appressed or ascending slender strigose hairs; leaves lin- ear or the reduced uppermost ones lanceolate or oblong, strigose, 1-2.5 (4) cm long, 1-3 (5) mm broad, obtuse, conspicuously pustulate below but usually finely so above; spikes geminate or rarely ternate or solitary, naked or bracted below, 2-6 (12) cm long, becoming loosely flowered; corolla inconspicuous, 0.5-1 (2) mm broad; fruiting calyces distinctly accrescent, (2) 3-5 mm long, symmetrical, ascending on short pedicels 0. 5- 1 mm long; mature calyx lobes ovate to lanceolate, somewhat con- nivent, thin, the margins more or less tawny, appressed hispid, the midrib slightly thickened and sparsely hispid; nutlets 4, homomorphous and all winged, or hetero- morphous with axial nutlet wingless; body of nutlet broad or narrow, entire or crenate or lobed, the wing extending completely around the nutlet or only down the sides, groove open or closed (even in the same plant) and dilated below into an open excavated areola; gynobase slender, ca 2/3 height of nutlets; style subulate, slightly surpassing or somewhat surpassed by the wing-margin of the nutlets but always exceeding the body proper. 1. Nutlets heteroniophous, the axial one wingless C . pterocarya var. pterocarya — Nutlets homomorphous, all winged C . pterocarya var. cycloptera Var. cycloptera (Greene) Macbr. [Krynitzkia cy- cloptera Greene]. Nutlets homomorphous, all winged, otherwise like the typical material. Creosote bush, black- brush, sand sage, mixed desert shrub, and pinyon-ju- niper communities at 800 to 1330 m in Kane, San Juan, and Washington counties; California east to New Mexico and west Texas; 9 (ii). Var. pterocarya [Eritrichium pterocaryum Torr. ; £. p. var. pectinatum Gray, type from southern Utah]. Creosote bush, blackbrush, mixed desert shrub, salt desert shrub, sagebrush, and pinyon-juniper communi- ties at 1200 to 2150 m in Beaver, Grand, Juab, Kane, Millard, San Juan, Sevier, Tooele, LHutah, and Washing- ton counties; Washington and Idaho to New Mexico, Arizona, and Sonora Mexico; 116 (xv). Cryptantha racemosa (Wats.) Greene Baja Cryptanth. [Eritrichium racemo.suin Wats.]. Long-lived annual, of- ten decidedly suffruticose near the base, 1-10 dm high; stems single with numerous ascending branches or many and diffusely branched younger parts, green, strigose and connnonly hirsute, the epidermis at length exfoliating leaving the older woody stems glabrous and brown; leaves oblanceolate, acute, hirsute, pustulate, the early ones 3-6 cm long, 6-12 nmi broad; racemes apparently forked and paniculately disposed, minutely bracteate, 3-15 cm long; corolla very inconspicuous, the limb ca 1 mm wide; fruiting calyces oblong-ovoid, 2-4 nun long, slightly asymmetrical, ascending, tardily deciduous; pedicels usually well developed, 1-4 mm long, slender, fre- {juently nodding; mature caKx lobes lance-lini-ar, some- what strigose, hirsute along the thickened midrib; nutlets 4, heteromorphous, triangular-ovate, the acute tips 1987 Welsh et al: A Utah Flora, Boraginaceae 73 slightly oiitcurved; groove open or closecl above I)tit be- low broadening into a shallow broadly triangular areola; odd nutlet next to the abaxial calyx lobe, i-2 mm long, somewhat persistent, finely muricate or tuberculate, light or dark, consimilar nutlets 0.8- L5 mm long, acute, tending to be very narrowly wing-margined, dark with pallid tuberculations; gynobase subulate, 3/4 the length of odd nutlet and subequal to the consimilar nutlets; style much suqiassing the nutlets. Creosote bush, Joshua tree, and other warm desert shrub communities below 950 m in Washingon County; Nevada, Arizona, and southwest- ward to Baja California; 3 (0). Cryptantha recurvata Gov. Recurved Cryptanth. Stems branched from the base, slender, ascending or decumbent at base, 1-3 dm high, strigose; root often dye-stained; basal leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, 1.5—2 cm long, the cauline ones remote, linear or lanceolate, 5-10 mm long, rounded or obtuse, rather finely ap- pressed-hispid and minutely pustulate; spikes bractless, slender, loose, 2- 10 cm long, solitary or geminate; corolla inconspicuous, ca 2 mm long, subtubular, not exserted, lobes short; fruiting calyx slender, asymmetrical, bent and recurved, 3-4 mm long, tardily deciduous, sessile; mature calyx lobes linear, the midrib somewhat thick- ened and hirsute, rarely merely strigose, the axial lobe longest, thickest, and most hirsute; ovules 2; nutlet 1, subpersistent, oblong-lanceolate, curved inwardly, dull brownish, granulate-muricate, next to the axial calyx lobe, the edges obtusish; groove somewhat oblique, nar- row or closed, opening into a small basal areola; gynobase slender, ca 1/2 the length of the matured nutlet and subequal to the abortive ones; style commonly much surpassed by nutlet. Creosote bush, blackbrush, yucca, mixed desert shrub, sagebrush, and pinyon-juniper com- munities at 800 to 1500 m in Beaver, Box Elder, Emery, Garfield, Grand, Juab, Kane, Millard, San Juan, Sevier, Tooele, Uintah, and Washington counties; Oregon to Arizona, Nevada, and southern California; 35 (v). Cryptantha roUinsii Johnston Rollins Cr>'ptanth. Bi- ennial herbs, 1-3.5 dm tall; stems 1 to several, 2-15 cm long, setose; leaves clustered at the base, gradually re- duced upward, oblanceolate to spatulate, obtuse to acute, 2-5 cm long, 5- 15 mm wide, setose and hispid, pustulate on both surfaces; inflorescence narrow to somewhat open at maturity, cylindrical or obovoid, racemes in dense glomerules, 3- to 6-flowered, hispid, 5-20 cm long; calyx segments linear, in anthesis 7-8 mm long, in fruit becoming 8- 10 mm long, hispid; corolla white, campanu- late, the tube 7-9 mm long, the crests at base of tube evident, the fornices yellow, papillose, ca 0.5-1 mm long, the limb 7-8 mm wide; plants slightly heterostyled; nutlets lanceolate, 3-4 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, ob- scurely rugulose and tuberculate on the dorsal surface, smooth ventrally; scar closed and without an elevated margin. Salt and mixed desert shrub, sagebrush, pinyon- juniper, and mountain brush communities at 1650 to 2250 m in Carbon, Duchesne, Emery, Uintah (type from 22 mi S of Ouray), and Wayne counties; Wvoming and Colo- rado; 89 (xiv). Cryptantha rugulosa (Payson) Payson Tubercle Cryptanth. [Oreocarya rugulosa Payson, type from Fish Springs, Tooele County]. Biennial or short-lived peren- nial, 12-30 cm tall; stems slender, 1 to several, 8-16 cm long, spreading setose-hispid; leaves oblanceolate to spat- ulate, obtuse to acute, strigose and conspicuously setose- hispid, pustulate on both surfaces; inflorescence 2-20 cm long, hispid; foliar bracts inconspicuous; calyx segments linear-lanceolate, in anthesis 4-5 mm long, in fruit be- coming 7-9 mm long, strigose and spreading hirsute; corolla white, the tube 3-4 mm long, with conspicuous crests at base of tube, the fornices rounded, distinctly papillose, ca 0.5 mm long, the limb 5-7 mm broad; nutlets lanceolate, 2.8-3.2 mm long, 1.3-1.7 mm wide, all 4 usually maturing, the margins in contact, acute, the dorsal surface with short low ridges, also somewhat tuber- culate, the ventral surface smooth or nearly so; scar open, subulate, without an elevated margin; style exceeding mature fruit 1-1.5 mm. Salt desert shrub, rabbitbrush, horsebrush, mixed desert shrub, sagebrush, and pinyon- juniper communities at 1460 to 2620 m in Beaver, Box Elder, Juab, Millard, Piute, Sanpete, Sevier, and Tooele counties; eastern Nevada; a Great Basin endemic; 59 (viii). Cryptantha scoparia A. Nels. Desert Cr>'ptanth. Stems with several to many stiffly erect branches 10-35 cm tall, closely strigose and frequently also sparsely hispid; leaves linear to lance-linear, 2-4 cm long, obtuse, 1—3 mm broad, strictly ascending, strigose or appressed hirsute, finely pustulate; spikes stiff, bractless, solitary or geminate, 2-10 cm long; corolla inconspicuous, ca 1 mm wide, the tube subequal to the calyx; fruiting calyx ovate- oblong, 5-6 mm long, strictly ascending, subsessile, sub- symmetrical, becoming rather obscurely biserial at matu- rity, 5-10 mm distant; mature calyx lobes linear-lanceolate, rather stiff, somewhat connivent above the tips, slightly spreading, midrib thickened and hir- sute, the margins ascending-hispidulous, the axial lobe slightly longer; nutlets 4, homomorphous, lanceolate to broadly so, 1.8-2.2 mm long, antrorsely spinulose-muri- cate, especially near the apex, the margins and base rounded, the groove narrow and forked below where occasionally open to a small triangular areole; gynobase subulate, ca 3/4 heig' . of nutlets; style reaching to tip of nutlets. Mixed desert shrub, sagebrush, and pinyon-ju- niper communities at 1450 to 1900 m in Box Elder and Weber counties; Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Wyoming, and Nevada; 2 (0). Cryptantha semiglabra Bameby Pipe Springs Cr\'ptanth. Erect perennials, 2-3 (4) dm tall; stems 1 to several, 9-18 (20) cm long, retrorsely strigose and weakly spreading setose; leaves oblanceolate, acute, 3-7 cm long, 3-6 cm wide, dorsal surface appressed setose-pus- tulate, the ventral glabrous, the old leaf bases long white- hairy; inflorescence narrow to somewhat open, 4-13 dm long; foliar bracts slightly surpassing the cymes, 1.5-2cm long; calyx segments lanceolate, in anthesis 5-8 mm long, in fruit becoming 10-13 mm long, setose; pedicels 1-2 mm long; corolla white, the tube 10-12 mm long, the crests at base of tube conspicuous; fornices yellow, rounded, 1-1.2 mm long, obscurely papillose; limb 8-10 mm wide; nutlets ovate, 3.5-4 mm, 2-2.5 mm wide, usually all 4 maturing, the margins acute, in contact, both surfaces smooth and glossy; scar closed, elevated margin lacking, style surpassing the mature fruit 5-7 mm. Clay soils in mixed desert shrub, sagebrush, and pinyon-ju- niper communities at 1500 to 1730 m in Washington County; Arizona; 1 (0). Cryptantha sericea (Gray) Payson Silky Cryptanth. [Knjnitzkia sericea Gruy]. Perennials, 1.5-4.3 (5) dm tall; stems 1 to several, branched from near the base, 5- 12 (30) 74 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 9 cm long, setose with spreading hairs; leaves oblanceolate tospatulate, obtuse, 2.5-10 (15) cm long, 0.5-2 cm wide, the dorsal surface strigose and weakly appressed to spreading setose, pustulate, the ventral silky-strigose, lacking pustules or these very inconspicuous; inflores- cence narrow to somewhat open, 5-32 cm long, setose- hispid, foliar bracts 2-5 cm long; calyx segments lance- olate, 2.5-4 mm long in anthesis, in fruit becoming 6-8 mm long; pedicels 0.5-1 mm long; corolla white, the tube 2.5-3.5 mm long, the crests at base of tube conspicuous; fornices yellow, broad, depressed, 0.5-0.6 mm long; limb 7-9 mm wide; nutlets lanceolate, 2.5-3.5 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, usually all 4 maturing, the margins acute or narrowly winged, in contact, dorsal surface with low rounded tuberculations, also somewhat rugulose and muriculate, the ventral similar but the markings less evident; scar straight, closed and without an elevated margin; style exceeding mature fruit 0.5-1.3 mm. Salt desert shrub, sagebrush, pinyon-juniper, mountain brush, aspen, and spruce-fir communities at 1700 to 2950 m in Carbon, Daggett, Duchesne, Grand, Rich, Summit, and Uintah counties; Wyoming and Colorado; 125 (x). Cryptantha setosissima (Gray) Payson Fish Lake Cryptanth. [Eritrichiurn setosissiintim Gray, type from Fish Lake]. Biennial or short-lived perennial, 3-10 dm tall; stems usually 1-3, erect, 1.7-5 (10) dm long, hirsute; leaves clustered at the base, reduced upward, oblance- olate, the apices obtuse to acute, 3-13 cm long, 0.5-1.5 cm wide, setose and with some finer twisted pubescence beneath, with pustulate hairs numerous on both surfaces; inflorescence broad-topped due to the elongation of the scorpioid racemes, 1-5 dm long; calyx segments broadly lanceolate, 4-6 mm long in anthesis, in fruit becoming 9-11 mm long, setose, and strigose; corolla white, the tube 3-5 mm long, constricted above the ovary by the conspicuous ring of crests, the fornices yellow, emar- ginate, 0.5 mm long, the limb 7-9 mm broad; nutlets ovate, 5-6 mm long, 3.5-4.5 mm wide, papery, with a broad, winged margin, the dorsal surface muricate, and inconspicuously rugulose or tuberculate, the ventral smooth or nearly so; scar straight, narrow, slightly open, elevated margin lacking; style exceeding mature fruit 1-2 mm. Sagebrush, pinyon-juniper, oakbrush, mountain brush, aspen, and spruce-fir communities at 1950 to 3250 m in Garfield, Piute, Sevier, and Washington counties; Arizona and Nevada; 36 (xiii). Cryptantha stricta (Osterh.) Payson Erect Cryptanth. [Oreucartja stricta Osterh.; O. willianviii A. Nels., type fi-om Flaming Gorge, Daggett County]. Strict perennial, 10-39 cm tall; stems 1 to several, 4-20 cm long, strigose and conspicuously setose-hispid; leaves mostly basal, re- duced upward, oblanceolate, acute, 2-7 cm long, 4-9 cm wide, retrorsely strigose and spreading setose-hispid, pustulate; inflorescence narrow, interrupted below the terminal cluster, 0.5-2 dm long, setose-hispid; foliar bracts conspicuous, especially near the base; calyx seg- ments lanceolate, 4-6 mm long in anthesis, in fruit be- coming 7-9 mm long, setose-hispid; corolla white, the tube 3-4 mm long, with conspicuous crests at base of tube, the fornices yellow, rounded, papillose, the limb 7-10 mm wide; nutlets lanceolate to elliptic, 3-3.5 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, usually all 4 maturing, the margins in contact, knifelikc, with deiinite transverse ridges antl also somewhat tuberculate or nearly smooth dorsally, ventrally smooth or nearly so; scar open, very narrowly linear, an elevated margin lacking; style exceeding ma- ture fruit 1-1.5 mm. Sagebrush, pinyon-juniper, moun- tain brush, aspen, and spruce-fir communities at 1780 to 3100 m in Daggett, Summit, and Uintah counties; Wyo- ming and Colorado; 25 (iii). Cryptantha tenuis (Eastw.) Payson Slender Cryptanth. [Oreocarya tenuis Eastw., type from Court- house Wash, Grand County]. Caespitose perennials, 13-25 cm tall; stems slender, 1 to many, 8-12 cm long, strigose and weakly spreading setose; leaves linear-spatu- late, mostly basal, obtuse, 2-5 cm long, 3-6 mm wide, dorsally strigose, weakly spreading setose, and conspicu- ously pustulate, ventrally uniformly strigose and without pustules; inflorescence narrow, interrupted, 6-14 cm long, weakly setose; foliar bracts inconspicuous; calyx segments linear-lanceolate, in anthesis 4.5—6 mm long, in fruit becoming 7-9 mm long, white-setose; corolla white, the tube 5.5-7 mm long, the crests at base of tube lacking or sometimes evident, the fornices yellow, broad, emar- ginate, papillose ca 0.5 mm long, the limb campanulate, 5-8 mm wide; nutlets lanceolate, 3-4 mm long, 1.8-2 mm wide, all 4 nutlets usually maturing, the margin acute to somewhat obtuse, nearly in contact, the dorsal surface carinate, sharply and deeply rugose, the ventral rugose; scar open, constricted above the base, and with an ele- vated margin; style exceeding mature fruit 3-4 mm. Blackbrush, salt desert shrub, mixed warm desert shrub, sagebrush, pinyon-juniper, and mountain brush commu- nities at 1300 to 2280 m in Emery, Garfield, Grand, San Juan, and Wayne counties; endemic; 76 (xi). Cryptantha torreyana (Gray) Greene Torrey Cryptanth. [Krynitzkia torreyana Gray]. Stems erect, 1-4 dm high, solitary or several with erect or more often spreading branches, finely strigose and sparsely hirsutu- lous; leaves oblanceolate to linear, strict or ascending, 2-5 (7) cm long, 3-6 (8) mm wide, obtuse or rounded, hispid, inconspicuously if at all pustulate; spikes com- monly geminate, bractless, 4-8 (15) cm long, more or less projected from the leafy mass of the plant, very elongate and loosely flowered or congested and glomerate; corolla inconspicuous, ca 1 mm broad; fruiting calyx ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 2-7 mm long, ascending asymmetrical, base rounded or broadly conic; pedicels ca 0.5 mm long; mature calyx lobes lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, con- nivent above with tips usually spreading, midrib slightly thickened and hispid-hirsute, margins hispid-strigose; nutlets 4, occasionally 1 or more aborted, usually broadly ovate, 1.5-2.2(2.5) mm long, 0.8-1.3 mm broad, smooth and polished, usually mottled, rarely finely granulate, back low and convex, the sides rounded or obtuse; groove broadly forked below and closed throughout; gynobase ca 1/2 height of nutlets, ca 1 mm long; style reaching to 2/3 height of nutlets or rarely even to their tips. Sagebrush, mountain brush, oak, maple, aspen, and spruce-fir com- munities at 1900 to 2930 m in Beaver, Cache, Carbon, Davis, Duchesne, Juab, Millard, Morgan, Rich, Salt Lake, Sanpete, Sevier, Utah, Wasatch, Washington, and Weber counties; Wyoming to ('alifornia, north to Alaska; 35 (ii). Cryptantha utahensis (Gray) Greene Utah Cryptanth. [Kn/nitzkia iitulwnsis (Iray, type from near St. George; Eritricliium holopterum var. suhuwlle Gray, type from near St. (leorge]. Plant usually with a main erect stem with a few scattered ascending or erect branches, 1-3 dm high, strigose or appressed short-hispid; leaves not nu- 1987 Welsh et al: A Utah Flora, B()ra(;inaceae 75 merous, strongly reduced above, linear to ohlanceolate- linear, 1-5 (7) cm long, 1-4 mm wide, rounded at apex, commonly pustulate and short-hirsute especially be- neath; spikes usually geminate, commonly 1-2.5 (5) cm long, dense, bractless; corolla rather conspicuous, 2-3 mm broad; fruiting calyx ovoid or ovoid-oblong, 2-3 (4) mm long, subsessile, spreading or somewhat recur\ed, deciduous, usually densely appressed hirsute and silky; mature calyx lobes lanceolate, connivent, midrib thick and usually brownish, and frequently bearing spreading or recurved hairs; corolla rotate, (2.5) 3-5 mm wide, white, with yellow or yellowish fornices more or less well developed; ovules 4, nutlets 1 or rarely 2, next to the abaxial calyx lobe, 1.7-2.5 mm long, 1-1.5 mm broad, pale, broadly lanceolate, granulate, muricate-papillatc or rarely spinulose, back low-convex or flat, the margins sharply angled or with a very narrow knifelike margin; groove open, narrow, opening into a small areola below; gynobase subulate, ca 2/3 height of nutlet, not markedly differentiated from style; style usually slightly shorter than the nutlet. Gravelly to sandy washes in creosote, Joshua tree, blackbrush, warm desert shrub, and pinyon- juniper communities at or below 1200 m in Kane and Washington counties; Arizona, Nevada, and southern California; 12 (v). Cryptantha virginensis (Jones) Payson Virgin Cryptanth. [Krynitzkia glomerata var. virginensis Jones, type from La Verkin]. Biennials, 1.5-3.5 (4) dm tall; stems 1 to several, arising from a stout taproot, 0.3-0.6 dm long, setose-hirsute; leaves oblanceolate to spatulate, obtuse, 3-10 (12) cm long, 0.5-1.5 cm wide, dorsal sur- face sparsely setose, pustulate, also with some fine tan- gled hair beneath, the ventral surface subtomentose and weakly appressed setose, with only a few pustulate hairs; inflorescence a broad thyrsus with the individual cymes much elongating, 0.5-3 dm long; foliar bracts conspicu- ous, 2-4 cm long; calyx segments linear-lanceolate, in anthesis 3-4 mm long, in fruit becoming 7-11 mm long, hirsute; corolla white, the tube 3-4 mm long, with con- spicuous crests at base of tube, the fornices yellow, emar- ginate, papillose, ca 1 mm long, the limb 7-9 mm broad; nutlets ovate, 3.3-4.5 mm long, 2.4-2.6 mm wide, usu- ally only 1-2 maturing, the margins in contact, acute, the dorsal surface with a distinct ridge, tuberculate and usu- ally rugulose, ventrally very uneven with indeterminate rugae and tubercles; scar open and triangular with an elevated margin; style exceeding mature fruit 1-1.5 mm. Creosote, Joshua tree, mixed warm desert shrub, sage- brush, and pinyon-juniper communities below 1350 m in Washington Countv; Arizona, Nevada, and California; 23 (v). Cryptantha watsoni (Gray) Greene Watson Cryptanth. [Krynitzkia watsoni Gray, type from the Wasatch Mts. ]. Slender strictly branched hispid herb 1-3 dm high; stems solitary, sparsely or loosely branched, spreading short-hispid; leaves linear to oblanceolate, 1-4 (5) cm long, 1-4 (5) mm broad, obtuse or rounded, as- cending hispid and merely pustulate; spikes solitary or in pairs, 1-4 (6) cm long, bractless or rarely bracted below; corolla inconspicuous, ca 1 mm broad; fruiting calyx ovoid to oblong-ovoid, 2-3.5 (4) mm long, subsessile, rounded at base, early deciduous, oldest ones becoming distant; mature calyx lobes lanceolate, the tips usually connivent, hirsute with ascending hairs, the midrib also with a few spreading bristles and scarcely thickened; nutlets 4, ho- momorphous or practically so, lanceolate, 1.5-2 mm long, about 0.8 mm broad, smooth, shiny or at times dulled by minute granulations, the back nearly flat, the margins definitely angled; groove closed or nearly so and forked at base; gynobase subulate, subequal to the nut- lets; style ecjualing nutlets or a trifle surpassed by them. Sagebrush, pinyon-juniper, mountain brush, and pon- derosa pine communities at 2200 to 2650 m in Beaver, Daggett, Duchesne, Juab, Salt Lake, Tooele, Uintah, Utah, and Wasatch counties; Washington and Montana, south to (Colorado, Nevada, and California; 11 (i). Cryptantha wetherillii (Eastw.) Payson [Oreocarya wetherillii Eastw., type from Courthouse Wash, Grand County; Krynitzkia glomerata var. acuta Jones, type from near Ci.sco, Grand County]. Biennial or short-lived perennials, 1-3.5 (4) dm tall; stems 1-6, 0.5-0.8 dm long, branched from the base with 1 stout and usually several low slender ascending stems; leaves clustered at the base, gradually reduced upward, spatulate to broadly oblanceolate, the apices obtuse to rounded, 2.5-5 cm long, 0.7-1.6 cm wide, strigose and appressed setose, the dorsal surface conspicuously pustulate, the ventral with few or no pustules; inflorescence becoming broad in age due to the elongation of the cymes, 0.6-3 dm long; calyx segments lanceolate, in anthesis 5-7 mm long, in fruit becoming 7-13 mm long, white-setose; corolla white, the tube 7-10 mm long, a crest at base of tube lacking; fornices light yellow, emarginate, papillose, ca 1 mm long; limb 6-13 mm wide; nutlets lanceolate, or ovate- lanceolate, 3.5-4 mm long, 2-2.5 mm wide, usually all 4 maturing, the margins acute, in contact, the dorsal sur- face distinctly tuberculate and often rugulose as well; scar open, linear, surrounded by a slightly elevated margin; style exceeding mature fruit 3-5 mm. Mixed salt desert shrub and pinyon-juniper communities at 1400 to 2100 m in Carbon, Emery, Garfield, Grand, and Wayne coun- ties; endemic; 38 (vi). Cynoglossum L. Biennial or perennial or rarely annuals; leaves alter- nate, the basal ones long petioled; racemes elongating, usually without bracts, or rarely bracted at base; calyx cut to beyond the middle, somewhat accrescent, the lobes often spreading or reflexed in fruit; corolla cylindrical or funnelform, the tube short, the lobes broad, spreading, imbricate, throat with trapeziform oblong or subulate appendages; stamens included; filaments short; anthers oblong or elliptic; ovules 4; nutlets 4, equally divergent, depressed ovoid or orbicular, glochidiate, back flat or convex, frequently with an elevated margin, attached by a small or large medial to apical scar to a convex or pyrami- dal gynobase and frequently with a free subulate prolon- gation decurrent on the short entire style. Cynoglossum officinale L. Houndstongue. Biennial, villous-tomentose throughout; stems stout, erect, leafy to the top, 4-5 dm high; lower leaves oblong to oblong- lanceolate, slender petiolate, 15-30 cm long, 2-7 cm wide; upper leaves lanceolate, acute or acuminate, sessile or the upper mostly clasping; racemes several to many simple or branched, sparingly bracted or bractless; much elongating in fruit; pedicels 5-12 mm long; calyx seg- ments ovate-lanceolate, obtuse to acutish, 5-7 mm long in fruit, corolla reddish purple, the broad tube 3-5 mm long, the limb 6-8 mm broad; nutlets ascending on the pyramidal gynobases, ca 6 mm high, flattish on the upper 76 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 9 surface and margined, splitting away from the gynobase at maturity but hanging attached to the subulate style; 2n = 24, 48. Sagebrush, pinyon-juniper, cottonwood, moun- tain brush, aspen, ponderosa pine, and spruce-fir com- munities at 1480 to 3000 m in Beaver, Box Elder, Cache, Carbon, Davis, Duchesne, Emery, Juab, Millard, Mor- gan, Rich, Salt Lake, Sanpete, Tooele, Utah, Wasatch, Washington, and Weber counties; native to Europe and Asia but widely distributed over North America; 136 (viii). Echium L. Biennial or possibly perennial, hispid, herbaceous plants; leaves alternate, entire; flowers blue to violet purple, in leafy bracted scorpioid, spikelike racemes; calyx 5-parted; corolla tubular-funnelform, irregular, usually 5-lobed, the throat not appendaged; stamens unequal, at least the longer ones exserted on long fila- ments; ovary 4-lobed, these separating in fruit; style 2-cleft at apex; nutlets erect, rugose, attached by their bases to a flat gynobase, the scar flat or somewhat con- cave, not leaving a pit. Echium vulgare L. Stems 3-9 dm tall, erect, solitary or occasionally several, finely hispid-villous as well as shaggy coarsely hirsute; leaves appressed-hispid and the margin and midrib somewhat hirsute, with a strong midrib but very obscure or absent veins; lower leaves 8—16 cm long, oblanceolate, broadly stalked, forming a rosette that with- ers at anthesis; cauline leaves reduced upward, the mid- dle ones linear- lanceolate, 3-9 cm long, contracted to a rounded sessile base; racemes short, lateral, disposed in a long narrow thyrse or open panicle; corolla bright blue, rarely rose or white, pubescent and sparsely setose, rather firm in texture, 10-15 mm long, the tube subequal to the calyx; stamens very unequal, the 2 pair slightly unequal but both surpassing the lower corolla lobe, the odd stamen included; nutlets ca 2 mm long, erect, rugose; 2n = 16, 32. Roadsides, fields, and waste places in moun- tain brush communities at 1820 to 1960 m in Echo Canyon, Summit County; widely distributed in North America; adventive from Europe; 3 (0). Eritrichium Schrader Low depressed cushionlike perennials, with the short stems densely clothed with small often imbricate leaves; flowers few in a racemelike cluster terminating the slen- der flowering stem; calyx lobes ascending, linear; corolla blue, funnelform, with a short tube; nutlets obliquely attached to the conical gynobase, smooth, the apex obliquely truncate, with a distinct, entire or toothed mar- gin. Eritrichium nanum (Vill.) Schrader Low Blue-eyes. [Myosotis nana Vill. ]. Plants villous often silvery, forming a tuft ca 2-4 cm tall (not coimting the flowering branches); leaves closely overlapping, 5-10 mm long, narrowly ovate to oblong or oblanceolate, 1.5-2 mm broad, acute or obtuse, pilose, with long white hairs, especially on the margins and tips; flower cluster compact when sessile among the leaves, or sometimes raccmclikc when borne on a leafy flowering branch up to 7 cm long; calyx lobes linear, 1.5-3 mm long; corolla tube e(}uaiing the calyx lobes, the limb variable in size (1) 4-5 (7) mm broad, bright blue (rarely white), the crests in the throat puberu- lent; nutlets smooth, with an entire margin to the trun- cated oblique portion, rarely with a few obscured teeth. Alpine tundra and krumholtz communities at 3330 to 4350 m in Box Elder, Daggett, Duchesne, Summit, and Uintah counties; Alps of Europe, Asia, Alaska, Yukon, and in the Rocky Mountains from Montana to New Mex- ico and west to Oregon; 16 (i). Our plants belong to var. e/ongatum (Rydb.) Cronq. [£. aretioides var . elongatum Rydb. ; E . elongatum var. paysonii Johnst. , type from the Uinta Mts., Summit County]. Hackeliu Opiz in Bercht. Coarse biennial or perennial (rarely annual) herbs; leaves alternate, broad and veiny; flowers in naked or inconspicuous bracted racemes paniculately disposed; pedicels slender, recurving in fruit; calyx cut to the base into spreading ovate to oblong or lanceolate lobes; corolla white or blue, with a short or elongate tube, lobes rounded, imbricate; throat with trapeziform intruded ap- pendages; stamens included, affixed at middle of tube; filaments slender, short; anthers oblong to elliptic; style slender, scarcely if at all surpassing the nutlets; stigma capitate; ovules 4; nutlets 4, erect, ovate, affixed ventrally to the pyramidal gynobase by a broad medial or subme- dial areola, the margin with subulate glochidiate ap- pendages, these frequently confluent at the base, the back smooth or with glochidiate appendages. 1. Corolla white marked with blue H . patens — Corolla blue, (rarely pinkish) with a white or yellow fornices 2 2(1). Cymes 1-3, mostly terminal; plants mostly alpine and subalpine, small, to 1.5 dm tall, of Juab County H . ibapensis — Cymes more abundant; plants of lower elevations and over 3 dm tall 3 3(2). Stems several to many from a caudex; plants perennial; surface of the nutlet with (1) 3-8 intramarginal prickles H . micrantha — Stems 1-3 (5) from the base; plants biennial or peren- nial; surface of the nutlet lacking intramarginal prickles or rarely with 1 or 2 H . floribunda Hackelia floribunda (Lehm.) Johnston Showy Stick- seed. [Echinospenmim florihundum Lehm.]. Stem erect, stout, from a short-lived perennial root, 5-12 dm high, the rough pubescence deflexed, mixed with some spreading hairs; leaves oblanceolate to linear to oblong, appressed hirsutulous, the basal leaves petiolate, with spreading hairs, the stem leaves sessile above; racemes of the inflorescence many, rather strict, densely flowered; pedicels short, 5-7 mm long in fruit; corolla blue, 4-7 mm broad, appendages small, obscurely papillate, not closing the throat; nutlets 3-5 mm long, the face with a medial ridge, nuu'iculate, hirsutulous, without short glochidiate prickles, the marginal spines much flattened at base, distinct or somewhat confluent, 4 to 6 on each side, mostly exceeding in width the face of the nutlet. Sagebrush, willow, mountain brush, aspen, lodgepole pine, Douglas fir, and spruce-fir conununities at 1833 to 3470 m in Cache, (Carbon, Daggett, Duchesne, Emery, Garfield, Grand, Iron, Juai), Piute, Rich, Salt Lake, San- pete, Sevier, Suininitt, Tooele, Uintah, Utah, Wasatch and Weber counties; British ('ohunbia to Ontario, south to North Dakota, New Mexico, Arizona, and California; 86 (iii). 1987 Welsh etal. A Utah Flora. Boraginaceae 77 Hackelia ibapensis L. & J. Shultz Deep Creek Stick- seed. Stems slender, clothed with the old leaf bases, up to L5 dm tall, strigose; basal leaves well developed, lance- elliptic, L5-8 (12) cm long, 6-11 (17) mm broad, the cauline reduced and narrowly lanceolate, thinly to densely strigose on both surfaces; inflorescence of a soli- tary terminal cyme, rarely with 2, laxly flowered; corolla blue; nutlets 2-3 mm long, the marginal prickles connate at base forming a distinct rim; intramarginal prickles sev- eral. Exposed granite outcrops in mountain brush and Douglas fir communities at 2500 m in Juab (type from Deep Creek Range) County; endemic; 3 (0). Hackelia micrantha (Eastw.) J. Gentry Small-flower Stickseed. [LMppula micrantha Eastw.; L. jessicae Mc- Gregor]. Stems erect or ascending from a stout root, sparsely to rather densely villous-hirsute; basal leaves 8-15 cm long, the blades oblanceolate, 15-20 mm wide, narrowed to a winged petiole of about equal length; upper stem leaves sessile, lanceolate, acute, the reduced ones subtending the lower racemes often ovate-lanceolate; racemes several in an open panicle; pedicels slender, at length recurved, reflexed, 5-10 mm long; calyx lobes oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 2-3 mm long; corolla small, pale blue, 3.5-5 mm broad, the tube often whitish, 1.5-2 mm long, the lobes oblong-ovate, the crests yellowish, rounded, puberulent; nutlets 4-6 mm long, with ca 10 marginal prickles broadly dilated at base, distinct, often with a shorter one in between; dorsal face broadly ovate, usually flattened with a distinct median ridge, puberulent and in age more or less muriculate, usually with 1 or more short barbed prickles near the center; n = 12. Sagebrush, juniper, aspen, Douglas fir, and spruce-fir communities at 2540 to 3320 m in Box Elder, Cache, Carbon, Davis, Duchesne, Emery, Garfield, Juab, Piute, Rich, Salt Lake, Sanpete, Sevier, Summit, Utah, and Wasatch counties; British Columbia and Alberta, south to Califor- nia, Nevada, and Colorado; 48 (ii). Immature specimens without fruit are difficult to distinguish from H. flori- bunda . However, in the field it is easily separated on the basis of perennial habit and numerous stems. Hackelia patens (Nutt.) Johnston Pale Stickseed. [Rochelia patens Nutt.]. Stems 2 or 3, short, deflexed hirsute, with some hairs spreading, arising from a woody caudex covered with old leaf bases; basal leaves many, oblanceolate to lanceolate, the cauline leaves reduced upward, the pubescence rather dense, short, appressed; branches of the inflorescence 5- to 10-flowered; pedicels short, elongating somewhat in fruit; corolla whitish or light blue, usually quite large, the appendages somewhat broader than long, obscurely papillose; nutlets small, with marginal glochidiate prickles 3-5 on each side, a few short prickles interspersed, the longest prickles surpass- ing the body of the nutlet; face of nutlet with a faint median ridge, muricate and occasionally bearing 1 or 2 prickles; n = 12. 1. Hairs of the leaves and lower stem hirsute-spreading, with pustulate bases H . patens var. harrisonii — Hairs of the leaves and lower stem strigose, and without pustulate bases H . patens var. patens Var. harrisonii J. Gentry Sagebrush, mountain brush, pinyon-juniper, ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, and aspen communities at 1780 to 2800 m in Beaver, Utah, and Washington (type from Pine Valley) counties; endemic; 8 (ii). This variety intergrades with var. patens except in Washington County where it alone occurs. Var. patens Sagebrush, pinyon-juniper, mountain brush, birch, aspen, and spruce-fir communities at 1500 to 3050 m in lieaver. Box Elder, Cache, Davis, Duch- esne, Garfield, Iron, Kane, Juab, Millard, Morgan, Rich, Salt Lake, Sanpete, Summit, Tooele, Utah, Wasatch, and Weber counties; Montana to Wyoming, Idaho, and Ne- vada; 120 (iii). Heliotropium L. Annual or perennial, herbaceous or more or less shrubby plants; leaves small to large, sessile or petiolate; cymes unilateral and usually distinctly scorpioid, with or without bracts; corolla white, yellow or purple, variable in form, throat frequently pubescent inside; anthers in- cluded; filaments extremely short; style present or ab- sent; stigma usually conic, mostly sterile, receptive only in a band around the base; fruit dry, at maturity breaking up into 4 single-seeded or 2 2-seeded nutlets; seeds with a thin endosperm. 1. Plant not succulent, hairy, never glaucous; fruit 2-lobed, each lobe splitting into 2 nutlets; stigma capped by a tuft of bristles; annuals H . convolvulaceum — Plants very succulent, glabrous, usually glaucous; fruit not lobed; stigma discoid, naked; perennials H . curassavicum Heliotropium convolvulaceum (Nutt.) Gray Showy He- liotrope. [Eiiploca convolvtilacea Nutt.]. Annual, 1-4 dm tall; stems at first simple, but later developing elongate branches, that ascend or sprawl, strigose and cinereous; leaves numerous, strigose, pustulate, lanceolate to ovate, 10-14 mm long, 4-15 mm broad, acute apically, basally acute to rounded; petioles slender, 3-8 mm long, the midrib evident; flowers extra axillary, appearing to be borne along the elongating leafy branches; bracts foliose, numerous; calyx 5-lobed, at anthesis 4-6 mm long, be- coming 6-9 mm long at maturity; lobes linear-lanceolate or linear, unequal; pedicels at anthesis 1-3 mm long, in fruit 3-5 mm long; corolla white with a yellow throat, fragrant, opening during the morning and evening, the limb widely funnelform, expanded, 15-22 mm broad, not lobed pentagonal, plicate in the bud with the sinus in- flexed; tubular portion of corolla 8-10 mm long, strigose on the outside; anthers lanceolate, basifixed, 2-2.5 mm long; filaments ca 1 mm long; ovary globose, glabrous; style slender, 3-4 mm long; stigmatic head with a promi- nent stigmatic band 0.5 mm in diameter at the base, this surmounted by a truncate appendage bearing a cluster of hairs; fruit laterally compressed, hairv', 2-lobed, 3-4 mm long, 2-2.5 mm thick, 2-2.5 mm high; at maturity' first dividing transversely and the lobes separating, forming halves, each with a broad flat commisural face; each half next dividing on the narrow longitudinal axis to form the asymmetrical single seeded nutlets. Sandy dunes in creosote, blackbrush, mesquite, mixed desert shrub, salt- bush, rabbitbrush, and sagebrush communities at 950 to 1690 m in Emery, Garfield, Grand, Juab, Kane, Millard, San Juan, Tooele, Washington, and Wayne counties; Ne- braska and Wyoming, south to northern Chihuahua and Texas, west to Arizona and Nevada; 43 (v). Heliotropium curassavicumh. Salt Heliotrope. Annual or short-lived perennial, fleshy, glaucous and glabrous 78 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 9 throughout; stems diffusely branched, 1-6 dm long; leaves succulent, varying from linear to obovate, but commonly spatulate, 1-4 cm long, obtuse, narrowed to a thick petiole; spike mostly in pairs, sometimes 3-5, often 6-12 cm long; calyx-segments ovate-lanceolate, acute, 2-3 mm long; corolla 3-5 mm long, white with a violet purple eye on the throat; stigma glabrous; stamens in- cluded, the anthers subsessile; fruit subglobose, at length separating into 4 nutlets; 2n = 26. 1. Corolla limb 5-16 mm wide, white or at most only pur- plish tinged or yellow at the throat; leaves 10-18 mm broad, spatulate to obovate .H. curassavicum var. obovatum — Corolla limb 3-.5 (7) mm wide, with a conspicuous purple eye and throat; leaves usually less than 9 nim wide, oblanceolate to slightly spatulate H . curassavicum var. oculatum Var. obovatum DC. Saline seeps and roadsides in salt- grass, greasewood, saltbush, and other mixed salt desert shrub communities at 1125 to 1710 m in Box Elder, Cache, Garfield, Iron, Juab, Kane, Millard, Salt Lake, Uintah, and Utah counties; Washington, Oregon, and Nevada, east to Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico; 25 (ii). Var. oculatum (Heller) Johnston [Heliotropium ocula- tum Heller]. Saline seeps, sidewalks, ditch banks in creosote, mesquite, saltbush, saltgrass, and other warm salt desert shrub communities below 1200 m in Kane? and Washington counties; Nevada, south to Baja California, and east to New Mexico and Texas; 18 (vi). Lappula Gilib. Annual herbs; leaves alternate, usually narrow, firm and veinless; flowers small, blue or white, on usually erect pedicels or rarely subsessile, in bracted racemes; calyx 5-parted into spreading lanceolate lobes; corolla with a rather short tube; lobes rounded, ascending imbri- cate; throat closed by intruded appendages; stamens af- fixed in the tube, included; filaments slender, short; an- thers oblong, obtuse; style short, surmounting the subulate-columnar gynobase, commonly surpassing the mature nutlets; stigma subcapitate; ovules 4; nutlets 4, erect, smooth or verrucose, narrowly but firmly attached to the gynobase along the length of the well developed ventral keel, back angulate or margined by a single or double row of prickles which by confluence frequently form a winglike or cupulate border. 1. Nutlets with marginal prickles in at least 2 rows L . squarrosa ■ — Nutlets with the marginal prickles definitely in a single row L. occidentalis Lappula occidentalis (Wats.) Greene Western Stick- seed. [EchinospermumredowskiivAT. occidentalis Wats.; L. texana (Scheele) Britt.; L. collina Greene, type from Kingston; E. collinum (Greene) K. Schum.]. Annual, the stems simple or few branched at base and erect or some- times diffuse, 15-35 cm tall, herbage more or less canes- cent with a strigose and villous pubescence; leaves nar- rowly linear to narrowly lanceolate or the lower narrowly oblanceolate, 1-3 cm long; flowers in the axils of the small foliaceous bracts forming open and at length elongated terminal racemes; pedicels 1-2 mm long; calyx-segments narrowly lanceolate, erect, or but little spreading in fruit, a little shorter than the corolla tube, corolla blue, 3-4 mm long, conspicuously crested on the throat; nutlets 2-2.5 mm long, bordered by a single row of barbed prickles, the prickles distinct at base or joined to form a cupulate margin, the dorsal area of nutlets distinctly tuberculate. Mixed warm desert shrub, sagebrush, pinyon-juniper, rabbitbrush, mountain brush, ponderosa pine, aspen, and spruce-fir communities at 830 to 3000 m in all Utah counties, except Davis and Morgan; throughout western North America; 240 (xiv). Our plants belong to var. cupu- lata (Gray) Higgins [Echinospetynuvi redowskii var. cuptdatian Gray]. Lappula squarrosa (Retz.) Dumort. European Stick- seed. [Myosotis squarrosa Retz.; L. echinata Gilib.]. Annual, with erect, simple to freely branched stems 1.5-8 dm tall, villous-hirsute with upwardly more or less appressed hairs; lower leaves linear to linear-lanceolate or oblong, acute to obtuse, narrowed to a sessile base, closely ascending, 2-5 cm long, roughly pubescent like the stem, passing above into linear or lanceolate bracts of the usually numerous racemes; pedicels 1-3 mm long; calyx-lobes broadly linear, appressed bristly, in fruit spreading, 2.5-3 mm long; corolla bright blue, the limb 2-4 mm broad, the tube surpassing the calyx; nutlets 3-4 mm long, sharply verrucose or muricate dorsally, with 2 marginal rows of long slender bristles not confluent at the base, these sometimes irregularly distributed over the back; 2n = 48. Roadsides and disturbed sites in sage- brush, pinyon-juniper, mountain brush, aspen, sedge meadows, lodgepole pine, Douglas fir, and spruce-fir communities at 2050 to 2875 m in Cache, Daggett, Emery, Garfield, Grand, Morgan, Rich, Salt Lake, San- pete, Sevier, Summit, Tooele, Uintah, and Utah coun- ties; adventive from Eurasia, now widely distributed in Canada and northern parts of the U. S., especially the Rocky Mountains; 19 (iii). Lithospermum L. Annual or perennial, herbaceous or fruticose plants with alternate leaves; flowers white, yellow, or violet, in bracted racemes; calyx usually undivided; corolla tubular or salverform, the tube cylindrical, lobes spreading and imbricate, the throat with intruded appendages or with pubescent or glandular areas; stamens inserted in the tube, included; filaments short, anthers oblong, usually with apiculate connectives; style filiform; stigmas gemi- nate; ovules 4; nutlets 4 or rarely fewer, erect, ovoid or angular, smooth or verrucose, inserted by a broad hori- zontal or slightly oblique basal areola; gynobase flat or very broadly pyramidal. 1. Flowers white; nutlets densely tuberculate and dull; plants annual L. arvense — Flowers greenish to bright yellow; nutlets smooth; plants perennial 2 2(1). Corolla tube (in chasmogamous flowers) 15-35 mm long, the lobes erose L. incisum — Corolla tube less than 13 mm long, the lobes entire or nearly so 3 3(2). Corolla greenish yellow to light yellow; flowers ho- mostylic L . ruderale — Corolla bright yellow or orange yellow; flowers het- erostylic L. multijlorum Lithospermum arvense L. Cromwell. Annual; stems erect, 2-7 dm tall, I to several, simple or sparsely 1987 Welsh et al.: A Utah Flora, Bokaginaceae 79 branched above, hoary strigose; leaves 2-5 cm long, 2-8 mm broad, closely appressed-hispid, firm, veinlcss, with prominent midrib, pale beneath; basal leaves rosulate, oblanceolate, or spathulate; cauline leaves acute and lanceolate or linear; racemes bracteate, becoming loosely flowered; calyx parted into linear-subulate lobes, hispid, mature calyx with the erect or ascending lobes becoming 8-13 mm long, the very short tube oblicjue, pale and chartaceous; pedicels short and stout, ca 1 mm long; corolla white or yellowish or even puqilish, 5-7 mm long, tubular-funnelform, the tube glabrous within and scarcely if at all surpassing the calyx; corolla throat gradu- ally expanded, without protuberances, merely pubescent; corolla lobes ascending ovate, obtuse; nutlets brown, dull, roughened, tuberculate, or rough-wrinkled or pitted, ca 3 mm long, ovate; 2n = 14, 28, 42. Wet meadows, cottonwood, grassland, pinyon-juniper, moun- tain brush, aspen, and spruce-fir communities at 1420 to 3250 m in Cache, Davis, Salt Lake, Tooele, and Weber counties; native of Eurasia, now established as a weed over most of the U. S.; 9(i). Lithospermum incisum Lehm. Showy Stoneseed. Perennial plants from a thick woody root; stems 1-5 dm tall, usually several, erect or ascending, strigose to some- what hirsute; leaves 10-50 mm long, linear to linear- oblong, strigose; inflorescence of terminal leafy racemes; calyx 6-10 mm long; corolla 10-30 mm long, yellow, the tube seldom over 2.5 mm wide when pressed, salver- form, the limb 9-18 mm wide, the lobes fimbriate to toothed; nutlets 3-4 mm long, white and shining; cleis- togamous flowers present, in fruit usually with recurved pedicels; flowers monomorphic. Sagebrush, pinyon-ju- niper, ephedra, mixed desert shrub, bitterbrush, moun- tain brush, ponderosa pine, and mountain mahogany communities at 1350 to 2870 m in all except Morgan, Piute, Rich, Summit, Tooele, and Wasatch counties; cen- tral U. S., Canada, and Mexico westward to British Co- lumbia, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas; 136 (vi). Lithospermum multiflorum Torn. Pretty Stoneseed. Perennial plants from a thick woody root containing a purple dye; stem 3-6 dm tall, more or less tufted, often virgately branched above, strigose-hispid; leaves 2-6 cm long, linear or linear-lanceolate, appressed-strigose above, hirsute beneath, becoming smaller and bractlike near the flowers, scarcely if at all longer than the calyx lobes and simulating them; flowers racemose, short- pediceled, often on several ascending corymblike branches; calyx lobes 4-6 mm long; corolla yellow or orange yellow, tubular funnelform, the tube 8—13 mm long, the lobes short, ca 2 mm long, rounded, not fimbri- ate; nutlets ca 3 mm long, white and shining; cleistoga- mous flowers lacking; flowers heterostyled and dimor- phic. Sagebrush, pinyon-juniper, mountain brush, ponderosa pine, and aspen communities at 1850 to 2930 m in Beaver, Emery, Garfield, Iron, Kane, Piute, San Juan, Sevier, and Wayne counties; Colorado, south to Texas, Arizona, and northern Mexico; 29 (ii). Lithospermum ruderale Dougl. ex Lehm. Contra Stoneseed. Stems usually several from a large root, erect or decumbent, rather stout, 2-5 dm high, simple or branched, hirsute and somewhat hispid to densely vil- lous; leaves numerous, usually crowded above, mostly ascending or some reflexed, linear-lanceolate to lance- olate, 3-8 cm long, 2-12 mm wide, softly to rather harshly pubescent on both sides, scabrous on the mar- gins, flowers in the axils of the upper leaves; pedicels stout, 1-3 mm long; calyx lobes in fruit subulate, 7-10 mm long; corolla pale, often greenish-yellow, 9-12 mm long, the tube broad, scarcely dilated at the throat, the lobes ca 3 mm long; nutlets broadly ovoid, 5-6 mm long, usually abruptly attenuate at the apex into a stout beak, whitish, smooth and highly polished. Sagebrush, pinyon- juniper, mountain brush, aspen, and Douglas fir commu- nities at 1720 to 2800 m in all except Carbon, Garfield, Kane, Morgan, Piute, and Wayne counties; British Co- lumbia and Alberta to California, Nevada, and Colorado; 80 (iv). Mertensia Roth Glabrous or pubescent caulescent perennial herbs with fleshy, fusiform, rhizomelike roots; leaves entire, linear to cordate, sessile or petiolate, alternate; stems 1 to many from each root, decumbent to erect, usually branched below the inflorescence, this a lax or congested ebracteate unilateral modified scorpioid cyme, or with the lowest flowers often single and subtended by leaves, often be- coming panicled in age; calyx 5-parted, occasionally cam- panulate, the expanded limb shorter or longer than the tube, with or without fornices in the throat, blue, occa- sionally white or pink; filaments attached below the throat, the anthers exserted or included; style shorter or longer than the corolla, in some di- or trimorphic; stigma entire or slightly lobed; ovary 2-loculed, each locule 2-lobed; nutlets 4, attached laterally to the gynobase, usually rugose or pectinately rugose, coriaceous or smooth and shining, utriclelike. 1. Plants relatively tall and robust (4- 15 dm tall when fully developed) with evident lateral veins in the cauline leai'es, flowering in late spring and summer 2 — Plants smaller, seldom as much as 4 dm tall, usually without evident lateral veins in the cauline leaves, blooming as soon as snow and temperature permits .... 4 2(1). Leaves strigose at least on the upper surface; calyx lobes acute, often hairy on the back and ciliate-margined . . M . franciscana — Leaves glabrous on both surfaces, or pustulate on the upper surface, but lacking hairs; calyx lobes ciliate but usually not hairy on the back 3 3(2). Calyx mostly L5-3(4) mm long at anthesis, cleft to the base or nearly so; limb of the corolla shorter than the tube, or subequal; leaves usually not acuminate . M . ciliata — Calyx mostly longer than 5 mm and not cleft to the base; limb of the corolla longer than the tube; leaves usually acuminate M. arizonica 4(1). Style short, 1-2.5 mm long; anthers nearly sessile, at- tached in the corolla tube, not projecting beyond the throat M . brevistyla — Style longer, 4 mm long or more; anthers with evident filaments, attached near the throat, the anther project- ing beyond the throat 5 5(4). Corolla tube glabrous within, and usually much longer than the limb M . oblongifolia — Corolla tube with a ring of hairs within, the tube shorter than to slightly longer than the limb 6 6(5). Upper surface of the leaves with loosely appressed hairs directed towards the margins of the leaves; stems 1-3 (5); plants of middle to lower elevations . . . . M . fusiformis 80 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 9 — Upper surface of the leaves glabrous or with strigose foreward pointing hairs; stems few to many; plants of middle and upper elevations M . lanceolata Mertensia arizonica Greene Tall Bluebell. [M . leonar- dii Rydb., type from Mill Creek Canyon, Salt Lake County; M . arizonica var. leonardii (Rydb.) Johnston; M . sampsonii Tidestr., type from east of Ephraim; M. toij- abensis var. subnuda Macbr. ; M . arizonica var. suhnuda (Macbr.) L. O. Williams]. Plants erect or ascending, 3-8 dm tall or more; stems 1 to several from each root stock; basal leaves narrowly to broadly ovate or oblong-lance- olate, 7.5-15 cm long, 2-6 cm broad, slightly decurrent on the petiole, this as long as the blade, glabrous but slightly papillate, the margin ciliate; lower cauline leaves spatulate to elliptical, usually petiolate, the petiole winged; upper cauline leaves usually sessile, elliptical to narrowly ovate, acute, 3-12 cm long, 1-5 cm broad, the base attenuate, acute apically; inflorescence of axillary peduncles with branches elongating in age; calyx 4-8 mm long, campanulate, glabrous on the back, hairy within, the lobes 1/2 or less the entire length of the calyx or cut nearly to the base, acute or obtuse, ciliate; pedicels 2-30 mm long, glabrous papillose or sometimes the papillae develping short hairs; corolla tube 6-9 mm long, with a definite ring of hairs at the base within; corolla limb 7-11 mm long, always longer than tube, moderately expanded; anthers 2.5-3.5 mm long, as long as or shorter and nar- rower than the filaments, these 3-4 mm long; fornices conspicuous, pubescent; style 10-15 mm long, usually shorter than the corolla; nutlets rugose, shorter than the calyx. Usually in moist canyons, streamsides, or moist meadows in pinyon-juniper, mountain brush, ponderosa pine, aspen, spruce-fir communities at 1920 to 3400 m in all except Daggett, Rich, Uintah, and Wayne counties; Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah; 136 (x). Mertensia brevistyla Wats. Wasatch Bluebell. Plants with erect or ascending stems, 1-4 dm tall; 1 to many from each fusiform rootstalk, more or less pubescent; basal leaves broadly lanceolate to oblong, acute or obtuse, strigillose above, glabrous below, 5-13 cm long, 2-4 cm broad; petioles longer than the blade; cauline leaves obo- vate-oblong to narrowly elliptic, obtuse to acute, densely strigillose above, glabrous below, 2-6 cm long 0.5-3 cm broad; inflorescence congested at first, becoming panicu- late in age; pedicels strigose, 1-14 mm long; calyx 2-5 mm long divided almost to the base, strigose, the lobes narrowly triangular to linear, acute, 1.5-4 mm long, 0.5-1 mm broad at the base; corolla tube 2-4 mm long, slightly shorter to a little longer than the calyx lobes, with or without a ring of scattered hair; corolla limb rotate, 4-6 mm long; anthers 1-1.3 mm long, longer than the fila- ments, inserted on the tube and not exceeding the throat; fornices more or less prominent; style shorter than the calyx lobes; nutlets rugose, 2-3.5 mm long. Sagebrush, mountain brush, aspen, and spruce-fir communities at 2000 to .3320 m in Box Elder, Cache, Davis, Duchesne, Juab, Salt Lake, San Juan (?), Sanpete, Summit (? type from the Wasatch Mts.), Tooele, Utah, Wa.satch, and Weber counties; Wyoming and Colorado to Idaho and Nevada; 95 (i). Mertensia ciliata (James) G. Don Mou